All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Instructor: Austin Troy University of Vermont School of Natural Resources Lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted. Acknowledgements are due, in particular, to the UC Berkeley GIS Center, where many of the ideas for these lectures evolved in the development of their short course series. NR 385D: Accelerated Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Lecture 1 I.Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and Science II.Introduction to Architecture of Arc GIS Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Introduction to GIS “Clouds are not spheres, mountains are not cones, coastlines are not circles, and bark is not smooth, nor does lightning travel in a straight line.” -Mandelbrot, 1983 A first lesson in GIS:

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Geographic Information Science is the study of the abstraction and representation of spatial phenomena The problem is that things in nature are messy. Simple math doesn’t describe them adequately Thinking about fractal geometry helps: Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Example: How to get an accurate measurement of the coastline of Britain? Seems like an easy questions, BUT the measurement will depend on the length of the “ruler” used. Hence answer is a function of the tool used Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 GIS is fundamentally an exercise in abstraction and approximation When we represent nature on paper or on a computer we abstract and simplify Each GIS tool used influences the level or type of abstraction Keep this in mind when practicing GIS Introduction to GIS The Lesson:

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 As practitioners of GIS it is critical that the first thing you realize is the limitations of GIS Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 “GIS” usually refers to Geographic Information Systems “Geographic Information Systems” is a subset of Geographic Information Science Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Geographic Information Systems: Some definitions The complete sequence of components for acquiring, processing, storing and managing data (Star and Estes, 1990) It is a configuration of computer hardware and software specifically designed for the acquisition, maintenance and use of cartographic data, (Tomlin, 1990) It is a set of computer tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real for a particular set of purposes, (Borrough et al. 1998) A system of hardware, software, data, people, organizations and institutional arrangements for collecting, storing, analyzing and disseminating information about areas of the earth. Introduction to GIS Source: adapted from UC Berkeley GIS Center

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 GIS is the science of simultaneously addressing the questions: “What?” “How much?” “When?” and “Where?” There are two fundamental ways that GIS is used: To geographically map out those factors you believe explain some process or phenomenon, based on some a priori knowledge and describe those patterns and relationships or To look at patterns in a geographic distribution of values and use that to help you figure out what the heck is going on, a posteriori Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Important that we know more than just “where?” What is this a map of? Introduction to GIS Federally owned lands

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 How about this map? Introduction to GIS IQ test scores in the UK

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 What is the heck is this a map of?!! Introduction to GIS Percent of population that buys salsa

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Any clue? Introduction to GIS Amount of manure created by county

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 The message We are used to maps that deliver information in an intuitive way (road maps, terrain maps), where you know what you’re looking at However, as you get further into GIS, you’ll be working increasingly with data that is much more difficult to interpret. You must learn the tools that allow you to: A.Interpret data created by others and B.Create data sets and maps that can be easily interpreted by other users Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Documentation: essential for sharing your data Metadata: data about the data. Includes data dictionary and processing information. Metadata comprises information about the content, quality, sources, lineage, and spatial reference model for the data. Data Dictionary: a mapping of entities, attributes and values for each of the GIS data layers. Entity = parcel Attributes = owner, size, landuse Values = Landuse = (definition of codes / procedure for assigning) Procedures: processing information as well as user guides. Introduction to GIS Source: adapted from UC Berkeley GIS Center

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Some examples of GIS in Action: Projects: Aggregating data, devising new processes and models, creating deliverables, such as maps, reports, statistical results and in some cases, problem-oriented applications Custom GIS applications: Targeted at a specific market and intended to do a specific task. These may stem from a project. Not all spatial tasks are appropriate for custom apps. Internet Map Servers: bundled data and applications served through the Web Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Introduction to GIS Some examples of GIS in Action: Viewshed Analysis Using GIS to determine where you’ll be able to see cellular towers from

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Introduction to GIS Some examples of GIS in Action: Fire Mitigation Decision Support GIS was used to help land managers decide how to manage vegetation so as to reduce fire risk at the lowest cost and with the least visual impact

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Introduction to GIS Some examples of GIS in Action: Predicting potential transit ridership to help Determine the location of a new transit route Source: UC Berkeley GIS Center

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Introduction to GIS Some examples of GIS in Action: Assessing the number of people affected by toxic plumes Source: UC Berkeley GIS Center

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Introduction to GIS Some examples of GIS in Action: Analysis of road disturbance in ecologically important areas Source: Thesis research from Dick Cameron;

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Introduction to GIS Some examples of GIS in Action: Historical Land Use Change Analysis Source: David Saah, Placer Land UseChange Study, UC Berkeley

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Introduction to GIS Some examples of GIS in Action: Land Use Planning

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Introduction to GIS Some examples of GIS in Action: Monitoring of deforestation

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Introduction to GIS Some examples of GIS in Action: Find the least cost bike route (in terms of traffic and slope) from and to two user defined points Source: UC Berkeley GIS Center

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Introduction to GIS Some examples of GIS in Action: 3 D Visualization and Terrain Analysis for transportation planning

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Some examples of GIS in Action: Introduction to GIS Watershed delineation using digital elevation models

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Introduction to GIS Some examples of GIS in Action: Site and demographic analysis for retail/office location Source: Geonmonics, Inc.

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Introduction to GIS Some examples of GIS in Action: Calculate Trade Areas for a facility by drive time and by circular radius Source: Geonmonics, Inc.

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Introduction to GIS Some examples of GIS in Action: Determine the Susceptibility of hillsides to seismically- induced landslides under multiple scenarios Source: Dissertation research by Bijan Khazai, UC Berkeley,Dept. of Civil Engineering

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Introduction to GIS Some examples of GIS in Action: Municipal Information Internet Map Server: NaviGate LA

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Introduction to GIS Some examples of GIS in Action: Site Selector Internet Map Server for Ontario allows user to spatially query for properties meeting certain criteria online

Part 2 : Introduction to the Architecture of Arc GIS Using GIS-- Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 What is Arc GIS? Arc GIS Desktop is a software product from ESRI It comes in three versions: ArcView-basic Arc Editor -intermediate Arc Info-most functionality, but most $$$ We are using Arc Info With each step up, you have more versatility in terms of tools of analysis and the types of data you can view, edit and analyze. Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Components of Arc GIS All installation levels of Arc GIS come with: Arc Map Arc Catalog The Arc Info installation also comes with Arc Info Workstation, Arc Reader, Arc Objects Developer Tools, Arc Scene and Arc Globe Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Components of Arc GIS How do you access these? Go to the start menu>>programs>>ArcGIS and you’ll see all the components you have access to Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Catalog for organizing and managing spatial and tabular data Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Catalog This button allows you to connect to a local folder or a network place In this course, all data and work will be stored on your Zoo account. In lab we’ll learn to “map a network” drive to your Zoo account, so it looks no different from saving to your local machine. This will be your Z drive. Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Catalog Once you’ve mapped your network drive, you can open an Arc Catalog connection to it Introduction to GIS Once you’ve mapped your network drive, you can open an Arc Catalog connection to it, or to a subfolder in it

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Catalog For instance, here are the contents of my nr143 folder on my Zoo account, which I made a connection to: Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Catalog Now I can preview my files, view information about all the data layers in a particular folder, like here where I have data related to lab 4. There are five types of data shown here Introduction to GIS Geodatabase Tabular data Shapefile Arc Map Project file Coverage

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Data types What do these different data types refer to? Shapefile: native file format for the old ArcView; perhaps the most common spatial data format Coverage: native file format for old ArcInfo 7.x Is not a file, but a complex directory structure Dbase/tabular data: non-spatial data table that can be used in a GIS, spreadsheet or database--.dbf Map document: This is like a project file—it stores your map view and preferences in Arc GIS; we’ll get into this later Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Data types Geodatabase: This is ArcGIS’s new data model for storing geographic information It can contain any number of layers within it, known as “feature classes.” Shapefile have only one feature class As an example, here is a geodatabase with three layers, as seen in Arc Catalog Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Geodatabase In a geodatabase, features classes can either be stand alone, as in the last slide, or part of a “feature data set,” which is a thematic grouping of layers Here we have a geodatabase with two “feature data sets”—one for land resources and one for water Introduction to GIS Feature data sets Feature classes

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Geodatabase In a geodatabase there are features classes for points, lines and areas (polygons) as well as for rasters (surfaces), annotation (labels) and dimensions Introduction to GIS Annotation class: stores info about displaying labels on a map layer; important for roads and utilities Dimension class: info about how to display lengths and measurements on a map Polygon, or area feature class Relationship class: stores relationships between feature classes Line, or arc feature class

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Geodatabase Geodatabases offer numerous advantages: Multiple spatial layers and non-spatial data sources can be stored in a single file and organized thematically Rules can be easily defined that can apply to all classes These rules can include relationships between layers For instance if you have one subclass with water lines and one with water valves, you can ensure that if you move a water line, the water valve that connects that line will move as well, or it ensures that, say, if the material attribute for a water line is set to copper, the water valves that connect to it will also be copper Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Geodatabase Other advantages: Spatial layers maintain the same measurement and geographic reference systems, because new layers added to the geodatabase can “inherent” properties of existing ones Labeling “behavior” can be stored as an annotation feature class, making it easier to keep labels consistent “Domains” can be established, which specify the valid ranges of values for attributes, which reduces input error. Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Geodatabase Types: Personal or multiple user We will use personal geodatabases. These are actually Microsoft Access files with the.MDB file extension. The “back end” of the geodatabase can be opened in Access, but it can only be viewed spatially in Arc GIS With Access you can edit and query attribute tables and manage relationships between feature classes with all the functionality of a relational database management system A multi-user (SDE) geodatabase is for organizations that wish to have many people accessing the same database. These are used with enterprise database systems, like Oracle, Informix or SQL Server Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Geodatabase View of a personal geodatabase in Access Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Catalog: data management Arc Catalog is where you can create and modify geodatabases. Introduction to GIS You can create new feature classes, tables or relationship classes within a geodatabase You can also import existing shapefiles or coverages into a geodatabase or export a feature class to a shapefile

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Catalog: data management Through right clicking, you can access the properties of a feature subclass and make changes to fields for the feature class’ attribute table Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Catalog: data management You can also make changes to validation rules for feature classes “subtypes.” What does this mean? Introduction to GIS Subtypes refers to “types” of objects within a feature class—for instance water mains versus water laterals in a feature class of water infrastructure You can set different validation rules for each subtype. These rules govern those object types’ behavior

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Catalog: data management Validation rules are used to help keep features classes consistent, logical and error free There are four classes of validation rules: Attribute domain rules: allowable values for a subtype’s attributes: e.g. there will be different allowable psi for distribution versus transmission mains; this prevents you from including wrong type of main in your design Connectivity rules: what features can and can’t touch? Relationship rules: what feature classes can be related? Custom rules: advanced topic Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Catalog: Online data Arc Catalog also allows you to access some data directly from the Internet It comes preloaded with a connection to the Geography Network, where many layers are available through the Arc Internet Map Server (IMS) service ; other Internet connections can be added Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Catalog: Online data Geography network data: Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Catalog:Functionality Arc Catalog allows you to preview geographic data, including geodatabase feature classes Introduction to GIS Use these buttons to zoom and pan

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Catalog:Functionality You can also preview online data sets, like those from the geography network Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Catalog:Functionality …and you can preview and browse tabular attribute data Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Catalog: Functionality You can also get “metadata,” or data about the data (we’ll go into this more later in the semester) Introduction to GIS Arc Catalog standardizes this information and allows you to import and export metadata between layers

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Map While Arc Catalog is where you’ll do most of your data management, Arc Map is where you’ll do most of your mapping and visualization of spatial data This is the default upper tool and menu bar Introduction to GIS Add new layer Zoom tools Zoom to full extent Select feature Find feature measure Change map’s display scale (zoom factor)

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Map: overlaying data Using the add data button, you can overlay any number of layers for which geographic reference information exists. Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Map: overlaying data The window on the left side of Arc Map is the Table of Contents, where loaded layers are listed There are 2 mode for the TOC: display and source Introduction to GIS Display: note that it gives a symbol for the feature type Source mode: can see that the first 3 layers are from 1 geodatabase and the fourth is from a stand alone file

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Map: properties You can access many functions by right clicking on the layer in the TOC. Introduction to GIS This is the easiest way to access the attribute table of a layer You can also access layer properties by double clicking on that layer: much functionality is found there

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Map: Attribute tables You can access, edit and query attribute tables from a special interface Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Map: data frame You can access properties for the whole data frame by double clicking on “Layers” at the top of the TOC or by right clicking on the data frame Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Map: Data frame—Units Two of the most important properties are Map and Display units. Where the Map units are already set (because reference info exists) they will be “grayed out” but display units are still changeable. Introduction to GIS When the units are unknown to the system (reference info not embedded in the file) you’ll see: This turns into guesswork

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Map: Units Once you’ve set display units, future geographic measurement functions should be in those units, even if they’re different from the Map units; however, this does not apply to non-spatial attribute values If you use the ruler tool for instance, measurements will be in the selected Display units at the bottom of the page Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Map: Scale What is scale?? Translation factor between one unit on the map and same unit in the real world Arc Map allows you to view what scale you’re looking at, but take it with a grain of salt because of differences in monitors. Every time you rezoom, it recalculates scale, but can also change scale to rezoom Introduction to GIS 1 inch is 1.98 million inches in real world

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Map: Scale USA Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Map: Scale Washington State Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Map: Scale Clark County, Washington Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Map: Scale Clark County, Washington—highway interchange Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Map: Scale A “reference scale” can be set in Arc Map that you can go back to when you want by clicking “zoom to reference scale.” Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Map: Extensions Arc Map has optional extensions, some of which cost money. We have most of them installed. Activate by going to Tools>>extensions Introduction to GIS Each extension has a different purpose. 3D analyst allows modeling of 3D data, Spatial analyst allows modeling of continuous surfaces, geostatistical analyst further increases surface modeling capability and X tools is a general tool box

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Map: toolbars When you load Arc Map it defaults to a state with a minimum of toolbars. You can add more toolbars representing more functionality, including extensions from the view menu. Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Toolbox This series of GIS functions is embedded as a window in Arc Catalog and in Arc Map Introduction to GIS Looks pretty simple: However, click on the plus signs and see what happens This includes many functions for translating data from other platforms and from interchange formats

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Toolbox Model Builder Also includes ability to create new tools using drag and drop interface, plus Python Introduction to GIS

All lecture materials by Austin Troy except where noted (c) 2003 Arc Scene Primarily for view 3D data Introduction to GIS