1. Scale is the relationship between the size of features on a map and the size of the corresponding objects in the real world. Scale is commonly expressed as a ratio, or representative fraction, such as 1:24,000. This scale means one unit on the map is equal to 24,000 units on the earth. Another way of thinking about it is that the objects on the earth are 24,000 times larger than the features on the map which represent them.

2. You will commonly see references to two types of maps: – Large-scale Covers a small area in more detail i.e. a map of city streets or a building plan – Small-scale Covers a large area in less detail i.e a world map,. GIS maps are dynamic—you can change the scale to see more or less detail as desired.

3. Map on the left – Large scale – A small area of the earth's surface (the city of San Diego, California) – Features such as roads are visible. Map on the right – Small scale – Bigger area of the earth's surface (the continental U.S.) – But with less detail

4.  Use ArcMap to ◦ explore and edit geographic data ◦ perform analysis ◦ create professional-quality maps, graphs, and reports  When you work in ArcMap, you work with a map document file, which has the.mxd file extension.

5. ArcMap interface consists of – Table of contents – The map display area – A number of toolbars and menus for working with the map and its data. The order of layers within the table of contents is important; – the layers at the top of the table of contents draw on top of the layers below them. – Therefore, you should put the layers that form the background of your map, such as the ocean, at the bottom of the table of contents.

6.  ArcMap is the tool for creating, viewing, querying, editing, composing, and publishing maps.  Most maps present several types of information about an area at once.  This map of Greenvalley contains three layers that show public buildings, streets, and parks.  You can see the layers in this map listed in the table of contents.  Each layer has a check box that lets you turn it on or off.

7. ArcMap offers many ways to interact with maps.  Exploring Maps let you see and interpret the spatial relationships among features. You could use the map you have just opened to find City Hall, to identify parks near schools, or to get the names of the streets around the library.  Analyzing You can create new information and find hidden patterns by adding layers to a map. For example, if you added a layer of demographic information to the Greenvalley map, you might use the resulting map to define school districts or find potential customers. If you added layers of geology and surface slope, you might use the map to identify areas at risk for landslides.  Presenting results ArcMap makes it easy to lay out your maps for printing, embedding in other documents, or electronic publishing. You can quickly make great maps of your data. When you save a map, all of your layout work, symbols, text, and graphics are preserved. ArcMap includes a vast array of tools for creating and using maps. In the rest of this chapter, you will use some of these tools.  Customizing Maps are tools for getting a job done. You can create maps that have exactly the tools you need to help you complete your job quickly. You can easily customize the ArcMap interface by adding tools to existing toolbars (or removing them) or by creating custom toolbars. You can save these changes to the interface with a particular map or for every map that you open. You can also use the Visual Basic® for Applications (VBA) programming language included in ArcMap to create new tools and interfaces. For example, you can create a VBA tool to make a table of the addresses of houses in a selected area. Once the tool is created, you can associate it with a custom toolbar and save it with a map for anyone to use.  Programming You can build completely new interfaces for interacting with your maps and create new, specialized classes of features. ArcGIS is built using Microsoft.s Component Object Model (COM); all of the COM components are available to developers using a COM-compliant programming language. For more information about customizing ArcMap and ArcCatalog, refer to Exploring ArcObjects.

8. There are two views for working with data – data view – layout view. In data view, you – explore – edit – query – analyze – symbolize data. In data view, you can view only one data frame at a time.

9. Layout view – arrange data frames – add other map elements scale bars titles legends Create a map layout that can be published in print or digital form. In layout view, you can view multiple data frames.

10. Designed for browsing, managing, and documenting geographic data. A window into your GIS database. From ArcCatalog you can access data stored on your computer's hard drives, local networks, and even the Internet. To access data, you create a connection to its location – Collectively, the connections you create are called the Catalog.

11.  The ArcCatalog interface consists of ◦ Catalog tree on the left and ◦ Preview pane on the right.  You use the Catalog tree to navigate and browse data.

12.  Preview pane  view ◦ Contents of a folder ◦ Geography (feature shapes) ◦ Attributes stored with individual datasets ◦ Metadata

13.  ArcCatalog and ArcMap work together. ◦ You can find and preview data in ArcCatalog ◦ Then drag and drop the data into ArcMap to work with it.

14.  When you need more information about a branch of the Catalog tree, you can use the Contents, Preview, and Metadata tabs to view your data in many different ways.  In this example, the ArcInfo coverage “cl” contains street centerlines. It is located on a computer’s E:\ drive in a folder called City.

15. If you select a data source in the tree, you can view it in several ways, depending on the tab that you choose. Each tab has a toolbar associated with it that allows you to modify how you see your data. These are Contents views:

16. These are Preview views: These are Metadata views:

17. Provides an organized collection of tools used for – GIS analysis – Data management – Data conversion Accessible from both ArcMap and ArcCatalog. The number of tools you have depends on your ArcGIS license: – ArcView supports a core set of GIS tools – ArcEditor adds more – ArcInfo provides the most comprehensive set of tools

18. “Data about data” Information that describes, or documents, a geographic dataset Real world example of unofficial metadata – Can be found almost everywhere – Handwriting on the back of a photograph

19.  Standardized metadata ◦ Type of metadata used to describe data used in a GIS ◦ Official  Government organizations create rules for standardizing metadata ◦ Federal Geographic Data Committee  Organization for U.S.

20. GIS metadata typically includes – information about why the data was collected (its purpose) – what geographic area the data covers (its geographic extent) – who collected the data – when the data was collected – what processes were performed on the data – who should be contacted for more details about the data

21.  You create and edit metadata in ArcCatalog.  ArcCatalog automatically derives and documents some data properties, such as the geographic extent.  Other properties, such as when and how the data was collected, must be documented by the data creator.

22.  ArcCatalog provides different style sheets for viewing metadata.  The FGDC ESRI style sheet consists of three tabs: ◦ Description ◦ Spatial ◦ Attributes

23.  Displays ◦ Thumbnail graphic of the data ◦ Keywords ◦ Abstract ◦ Purpose statement  (not shown here). ◦ Publication information

24.  Displays the coordinates that define the data's geographic extent.

25.  Where you find information about each attribute stored with a dataset.  Clicking an attribute name displays specific information about that attribute ◦ such as its definition and data type

26. Members of the GIS community like to share data and methods. Metadata is critical for sharing data—people who are thinking about using a dataset for a project first view its metadata in order to determine whether the dataset is appropriate for the project. If a dataset lacks metadata, it may be used inappropriately—and any analysis results or measurements made with the data may be inaccurate.

27.  Learning with ArcGIS basic theme viewing properties of ArcGIS, adding a theme, panning, and zooming, table of contents, symbols, color schemes, classification, normalize, color ramps, and attributes. Graphical User Interface(GUI), tools and buttons, themes, and tables