Towards an International Linear Collider Barry Barish Caltech / GDE 25-July-07

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 2 ILC -- Caltech

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 3 Exploring the Terascale the tools The LHC –It will lead the way and has large reach –Quark-quark, quark-gluon and gluon-gluon collisions at TeV –Broadband initial state The ILC –A second view with high precision –Electron-positron collisions with fixed energies, adjustable between 0.1 and 1.0 TeV –Well defined initial state Together, these are our tools for the terascale

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 4 LHC: Low mass Higgs: H    M H < 150 GeV/c 2  Rare decay channel: BR~10 -3  Requires excellent electromagnetic calorimeter performance  acceptance, energy and angle resolution,  g/jet and g/p 0 separation  Motivation for LAr/PbWO 4 calorimeters for CMS  Resolution at 100 GeV:  1 GeV  Background large: S/B  1:20, but can estimate from non signal areas CMS

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 5 ILC: Precision Higgs physics  Model-independent Studies mass absolute branching ratios total width spin top Yukawa coupling self coupling  Precision Measurements Garcia-Abia et al

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 6 The linear collider will measure the spin of any Higgs it can produce by measuring the energy dependence from threshold Is it really the Higgs ? Measure the quantum numbers. The Higgs must have spin zero !

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 7 Higgs Couplings at the ILC Mass (GeV) Higgs Coupling strength is proportional to Mass

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 8 e + e - : Studying the Higgs determine the underlying model SM 2HDM/MSSM Yamashita et al Zivkovic et al

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 9 Parameters for the ILC E cm adjustable from 200 – 500 GeV Luminosity  ∫ Ldt = 500 fb -1 in 4 years Ability to scan between 200 and 500 GeV Energy stability and precision below 0.1% Electron polarization of at least 80% The machine must be upgradeable to 1 TeV

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 10 Designing a Linear Collider Superconducting RF Main Linac

The GDE Plan and Schedule Global Design EffortProject Baseline configuration Reference Design ILC R&D Program Engineering Design Expression of Interest to Host International Mgmt LHC Physics

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 12 RDR Design Parameters Max. Center-of-mass energy500GeV Peak Luminosity~2x /cm 2 s Beam Current9.0mA Repetition rate5Hz Average accelerating gradient31.5MV/m Beam pulse length0.95ms Total Site Length31km Total AC Power Consumption~230MW

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 13 –11km SC linacs operating at 31.5 MV/m for 500 GeV –Centralized injector Circular damping rings for electrons and positrons Undulator-based positron source –Single IR with 14 mrad crossing angle –Dual tunnel configuration for safety and availability RDR ILC Schematic

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 14 RDR Design & “Value” Costs Summary RDR “Value” Costs Total Value Cost (FY07) 4.80 B ILC Units Shared B Units Site Specific K person-years (“explicit” labor = 24.0 M 1,700 hrs/yr) 1 ILC Unit = $ 1 (2007) The reference design was “frozen” as of 1-Dec-06 for the purpose of producing the RDR, including costs. It is important to recognize this is a snapshot and the design will continue to evolve, due to results of the R&D, accelerator studies and value engineering The value costs have already been reviewed twice 3 day “internal review” in Dec ILCSC MAC review in Jan Σ Value = 6.62 B ILC Units

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 15 Reference Design and Plan Producing Cavities Cavity Shape Obtaining Gradient single cells

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 16 4 th generation prototype ILC cryomodule Cryomodules TESLA cryomodule

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 17 The Main Linac Costs have been estimated regionally and can be compared. –Understanding differences require detail comparisons – industrial experience, differences in design or technical specifications, labor rates, assumptions regarding quantity discounts, etc.

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 18 –Three RF/cable penetrations every rf unit –Safety crossovers every 500 m –34 kV power distribution Main Linac Double Tunnel

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 19 Conventional Facilities 72.5 km tunnels ~ meters underground 13 major shafts > 9 meter diameter 443 K cu. m. underground excavation: caverns, alcoves, halls 92 surface “buildings”, 52.7 K sq. meters = 567 K sq-ft total

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 20 Reference Design and Plan Making Positrons 6km Damping Ring 10MW Klystrons Beam Delivery and Interaction Point

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 21 Assessing the RDR Reviews (5 major international reviews + regional) –The Design: “The MAC applauds that considerable evolution of the design was achieved … the performance driven baseline configuration was successfully converted into a cost conscious design.” –The R&D Plan: “The committee endorses the approach of collecting R&D items as proposed by the collaborators, categorizing them, prioritizing them, and seeking contact with funding agencies to provide guidelines for funding. –International Cost Review (Orsay): Supported the costing methodology; considered the costing conservative in that they identify opportunities for cost savings; etc. Final Steps –The final versions of Executive Summary, Reference Design Report and Companion Document were submitted to FALC (July), and finally will be given to ILCSC and ICFA (August).

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 22 Schedule for the ILC? Our technically driven timeline is –Construction proposal in 2010 –Construction start in 2012 –Construction complete in 2019 “Completing the R&D and engineering design, negotiating an international structure, selecting a site, obtaining firm financial commitments, and building a machine could take us well into the mid-2020s, if not later,”

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 23 Technically Driven Timeline August BCD Construction  Startup RDREDR Begin Const End Const Engineer Design

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 24 Civil Construction Timeline

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 25 CMS assembly approach: Assembled on the surface in parallel with underground work Allows pre-commissioning before lowering Lowering using dedicated heavy lifting equipment Potential for big time saving Reduces size of required underground hall On-surface Detector Assembly CMS approach

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 26 Technically Driven Timeline August BCD All regions require ~ 5 yrs Construction  Startup Siting Plan being Developed RDREDR Begin Const End Const Engineer Design Site Prep Site Select

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 27 Situation : in solid rock, close to existing institute, close to the city of Chicago and international airport, close to railway and highway networks. Geology : Glacially derived deposits overlaying Bedrock. The concerned rock layers are from top to bottom the Silurian dolomite, Maquoketa dolomitic shale, and the Galena- Platteville dolomites. Depth of main tunnels : Average ~ 135 m Americas Fermilab Sample Site

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 28 ~ 5.5 km Central Area fits inside the Fermilab boundary Site Characterization of the Central Area can be done ~ Boundary of Fermilab Preconstruction Plan: Fermilab

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 29 Technically Driven Timeline August BCD All regions ~ 5 yrs Construction  Startup Siting Plan being Developed RDREDR Begin Const End Const Engineer Design Site Prep Site Select R & D -- Industrialization

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 30 The Task Forces The Task Forces were put together successively over a period of five months:  S0/S1-Cavities, Cryomodule  S2 -Cryomodule String Tests  S3 -Damping Rings  S4 -Beam Delivery System  S5-Positron Source S6-Controls, not yet active S7-RF Working in close collaboration with the Engineering and Risk Assessment team.

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 31 Module Test – Results DESY

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 32 E Cloud – Results SLAC

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 33 Schedule in Graphical Form Construction Schedule Cryomodule Production RF System Tests

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 34 Technically Driven Timeline August BCD All regions ~ 5 yrs Construction  Startup Siting Plan being Developed RDREDR Begin Const End Const Engineer Design Site Prep Site Select R & D -- Industrialization Gradient e-Cloud Cryomodule Full Production System Tests & XFEL Detector Install Detector Construct

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 35 Detector Concepts

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 36 Detector Performance Goals

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 37 Detector Performance Goals

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 38 Detector Performance Goals ILC detector performance requirements and comparison to the LHC detectors: ○ Inner vertex layer ~ 3-6 times closer to IP ○ Vertex pixel size ~ 30 times smaller ○ Vertex detector layer ~ 30 times thinner Impact param resolution Δd = 5 [μm] + 10 [μm] / (p[GeV] sin 3/2θ) ○ Material in the tracker ~ 30 times less ○ Track momentum resolution ~ 10 times better Momentum resolution Δp / p 2 = 5 x [GeV -1 ] central region Δp / p 2 = 3 x [GeV -1 ] forward region ○ Granularity of EM calorimeter ~ 200 times better Jet energy resolution ΔE jet / E jet = 0.3 /√E jet Forward Hermeticity down to θ = 5-10 [mrad]

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 39 detector B may be accessible during run accessible during run Platform for electronic and services (~10*8*8m). Shielded (~0.5m of concrete) from five sides. Moves with detector. Also provide vibration isolation. Concept of IR hall with two detectors The concept is evolving and details being worked out detector A

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 40 Technically Driven Timeline August BCD All regions ~ 5 yrs Construction  Startup Siting Plan being Developed RDREDR Begin Const End Const Engineer Design Site Prep Site Select R & D -- Industrialization Gradient e-Cloud Cryomodule Full Production System Tests & XFEL Detector Install Detector Construct Pre-Operations

25-July-07 Caltech DoE Review Global Design Effort 41 Conclusions The ILC design is proceeding toward an engineering design by (Goal: Ready to propose construction when LHC results justify). R&D program is being globally coordinated to determine gradient, electron cloud, industrialization, mass production. (Resources are regional, by country and laboratory). Detector R&D also very important to be able to fully exploit the ILC (e.g. spatial & energy resolution) (Needs improved coordination, better regional balance). Caltech effort is myself + some student projects. But, we are in excellent position to ramp up as desired and the when time is right.