Phoenix Convention Center Phoenix, Arizona Net Zero for the Army Reserve Sustainability Track Getting to Net Zero: Energy, Water and Waste Amy Solana Pacific Northwest National Laboratory August 12, 2015 PNNL-SA

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Agenda Program Overview Execution Methods Common Recommendations Example Analysis Conclusions 2

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Net Zero Goals for Army Reserve In 2013, the Army Reserve set a goal to expand the Army’s Net Zero Program to include Reserve Centers Reserve Centers present unique challenges for net zero because they are small and geographically dispersed Goals for Army Reserve pilot net zero program: – Include at least 1 facility type in each of the 4 CONUS regions: Small/medium Reserve Center Large Reserve Center Equipment Concentration Site (ECS) Area Maintenance Shop (AMSA) – Include all 4 properties in the Pacific region – Each site will pursue net zero energy, water, and waste 3

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Army Reserve Net Zero Objectives Net Zero Energy: Reduce overall energy consumption, and produce as much renewable energy on site as the site uses, over the course of a year. Be able to operate independently of the grid if the local grid is vulnerable to failures. Net Zero Water: Limit the consumption of fresh water, maximize the use of alternative water, and return water back to the regional watershed to help sustain regional water resources. Net Zero Waste: Reduce, reuse, and recover solid waste streams, converting them to valuable resources, with zero landfill over the course of a year. – Biosolids are included, hazardous waste is not. – Waste can be “recovered” in a waste-to-energy facility, but byproducts (including ash) must be recycled. 4

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Process 1.Choose sites (nominate and rank) 2.Conduct Net Zero-focused Comprehensive Energy and Water Evaluation for sites rated as high and medium priority 3.Analyze net zero pathways 4.Develop recommendations and net zero roadmap 5

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Nominated Net Zero Pilot Sites 6

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Net Zero Evaluation Scope Existing and planned buildings Current operations and education opportunities Engineering & economic analyses – Energy efficiency, conservation, and controls – Renewable energy – Microgrid for energy security – Water efficiency and conservation – Alternative water supply and wastewater treatment – Waste reduction, diversion, and waste-to-energy 7

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Analysis Process 8

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Three Net Zero Implementation Scenarios 1.Cost-effective – SIR > 1.0 on individual measure basis – Waste only: includes projects that are easy to implement (cost savings and cost-effectiveness are often uncertain) 2.Required to meet net zero – Meets future estimated loads and net zero definitions 3.Recommended – Cost-effective – Practical – Similar projects already being implemented on site – Meets security needs 9

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Net Zero Recommendations 10

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 11 Example Site Net Zero Site Boundary

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Example Baseline Description Island location In need of envelope upgrades to withstand local climate 2 Reserve Center bldgs + 2 Post Exchange (PX) bldgs, with plans for 2 additional Reserve bldgs and 1 additional PX bldg 15,606 ft 2 total, to be approximately doubled Years built: 1987 and 2002 Energy – Consumption: estimated 114 MWh/yr, including increase from planned buildings and decrease from improved envelopes – Cost: $0.42/kWh, estimated $48k/yr Water – Consumption: 144 kgal/yr for both USARC and PX (average); no increase anticipated because population remains the same – Cost: $8.52/kgal, $1.2k/yr (average) Waste – Generation: unknown; shared dumpsters for USARC and PX – Cost: $5k/yr 12

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Net Zero Energy: Achievable – 25% energy use reduction from future assumed load – Solar PV and solar water heating – Grid-tied microgrid Net Zero Waste: Partially Achievable – ~60% waste diversion – Community WTE facility (if not built, net zero waste is not achievable) Net Zero Water: Achievable, Not Recommended – 44% water use reduction – Rainwater capture for potable water (not recommended) – Onsite wastewater treatment (not recommended) Funding options: appropriated (utilities modernization, O&M) 13 Example Net Zero Results Summary NZ Category Capital Cost ($) Utility Cost Savings ($/yr) O&M Cost Savings ($/yr) Future Annual Utility Cost ($/yr) Utility Cost Savings (%)SIR Energy$378k$48k-$780$48k100%1.9 Water$7k$0.5k$40$1k44%1.9 Waste$1.4k $820$5k30%15.6 TOTAL$386k$50k$80$54k92%2.0 Summary of Recommended Measures

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Example Net Zero Energy Results Objective: Reduce energy use by 25% from FY14 levels and supply the remainder, including future energy load, with onsite renewable energy. 14

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Example Net Zero Water Results Objective: Reduce plumbing potable water consumption, provide remainder from rainwater, and treat wastewater on site. Net zero water is not recommended because rainwater harvesting is very expensive for the location and onsite wastewater treatment is risky due to site flooding. 15

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Example Net Zero Waste Results Objective: Eliminate solid waste disposed at a landfill by reducing and diverting as much as possible, and treat the remainder at a WTE facility that does not generate landfilled byproducts. Net zero waste is not possible because a WTE facility on the island is unlikely at this time, and if it is built it will likely generate landfilled byproducts. 16

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Challenges Achieving Net Zero at Reserve Centers External factors affected economics – Utility requirements for battery backups to renewable energy systems – Inadequate level of service requires fixes that don’t generate monetary savings (e.g., electricity, HVAC) Waste generation information is not available for small sites – waste utilities charge by dumpster not by ton – Analysis based on assumptions – Accurate results require detailed waste evaluation Irregular and transient occupancy, few weekday staff, and high weekend occupancy make engagement difficult and require unique considerations – Equipment operation, sizing, and cost-effectiveness 17

Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Lessons Learned from the Army Reserve Net Zero Pilot Program Net zero is often not life-cycle cost-effective – Recommendations that provide near-net zero solutions are useful – Favorable conditions for NZ include: High utility costs (and no natural gas) Security or reliable service concerns Regional/local supply issues Small AR site sizes restrict technology options (e.g., WTE), but also present opportunities (e.g., rainwater harvesting) Behavioral changes and top-down policy changes needed to meet net zero objectives and maintain savings achieved Need fully implemented BAS to effectively monitor and continuously retune net zero Reserve Centers Need facility coordinator to have net zero actions included in official duties Need champion at region HQ to implement projects 18