Climate vulnerability & adaptation in the Dutch delta

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Presentation transcript:

Climate vulnerability & adaptation in the Dutch delta Jelle van Minnen 23 May 2012, EIONET, Brussels 1 1

The Netherlands Setting: Small country with a population of 17 million Delta of four river basins 26% is below sea level 60% is susceptible to flooding Flood-sensitive area is densely populated High level of flood protection Jelle van Minnen 23 May 2012, EIONET Vulnerability& Adaptation in the Dutch delta

The past… Large plans implemented as response to floods 1916 floods (North) Structural solutions with dams and barriers (Afsluitdijk dam to create IJsselmeer) 1953 flood disaster (South-West) First Delta Committee Structural solutions with dams and barriers (Delta Works) 1993/1995 high water levels (Rivers, large evacuations) Also spatial solutions: Room for the River/Meuse Projects Jelle van Minnen 23 May 2012, EIONET Vulnerability & Adaptation in the Dutch delta

Delta under pressure: Challenges for the future More /extreme storms More/intense rainfall Increased river discharge Spatial developments Sealevel rise‏ Increased erosion Decreased river discharge Salt intrusion Subsidence JJelle van Minnen 23 May 2012, EIONET Vulnerability & Adaptation in the Dutch delta

Climate Change Challenges in the Netherlands 1. ARK & adaptation Strategy (2007) 2. State Committee Veerman (2008) Dutch Delta Programme & Delta Act Started in 2010 Objective: A safe and attractive country, also at the end of the century Annual update to parliament 5 D’s Focus Flood protection Freshwater supply (Re)development of built-up areas PBL study on IVA Started in 2009 Broad assessment 2 steps Impacts & vulnerability Strategic options Eventueel laten vervallen. Melden interactie Deltaprogramma  PBL afgelopen maanden 5 Jelle van Minnen 23 May 2012, EIONET, Brussels Vulnerability & Adaptation in the Dutch delta 5 5

The five Dutch D’s Delta Programme Delta Act (to ensure continuity) Delta Commissioner Delta Fund Delta Decisions (2014/2015) Jelle van Minnen 23 May 2012, EIONET, Brussels Vulnerability & Adaptation in the Dutch delta

Developing nationally optimal solutions Involve all levels of government in transparant decision-making process in line with their responsibilities Stimulate horizontal and vertical administrative co-operation Three values: solidarity, flexibility and sustainability Joint fact finding Collect creative and innovative ideas and combine with local developments Involve stakeholders and interest groups Jelle van Minnen & Willem Ligtvoet, 6 March 2012 Vulnerability& Adaptation in the Dutch delta

Delta programme now – 2015 Ongoing implementations & programs under DP: Improve current satefy level Flood Protection Program / Weak Links in Coast Organizing safety on the basis of dyke inspections Room for the River / Meuse Projects 90 projects along the rivers At the same time looking further ahead: Preparing Delta Decisions (2015) Jelle van Minnen 23 May 2012, EIONET, Brussels Vulnerability & Adaptation in the Dutch delta

Delta decisions, 2015 3 national decisions: Safety standards + program Urban restructuring Freshwater 3 national decisions: Safety standards + program Urban and spatial restructuring Freshwater strategy +measures 2 regional decisions Jelle van Minnen 23 May 2012, EIONET, Brussels Vulnerability & Adaptation in the Dutch delta

PBL report ‘Climate adaptation in the Dutch delta’ Both impacts & adatation assessment Adaptation: Step towards solutions: what can be done? Identification of strategic options: Flood protection Freshwater supplies & water quality Nature & biodiversity Urban development In deze presentatie zoomen we kort in op de onderwerpen Veiligheid tegen overstromen, Zoetwatervoorziening. 10 Jelle van Minnen 23 May 2012, EIONET, Brussels Vulnerability & Adaptation in the Dutch delta 10 10

PBL report ‘Climate change impacts in the Netherlands’ Cooperation with: KNMI, Deltares, WUR, Utrecht Uni., Maastricht Uni. Assessment observed & projected Opportunities & risks Sectors/chapters: Climate System Water: safety & supply & quality Nature & biodiversity Agriculture Health Tourism In deze presentatie zoomen we kort in op de onderwerpen Veiligheid tegen overstromen, Zoetwatervoorziening. Jelle van Minnen 23 May 2012, EIONET, Brussels Vulnerability & Adaptation in the Dutch delta 11

PBL report ‘Climate change impacts in the Netherlands’ Observed Projected In deze presentatie zoomen we kort in op de onderwerpen Veiligheid tegen overstromen, Zoetwatervoorziening. 12 Jelle van Minnen 23 May 2012, EIONET, Brussels Vulnerability & Adaptation in the Dutch delta 12 12

I: Flood protection Risk depends on upstream measures new current In deze presentatie zoomen we kort in op de onderwerpen Veiligheid tegen overstromen, Zoetwatervoorziening. 13 Jelle van Minnen 23 May 2012, EIONET, Brussels Vulnerability & Adaptation in the Dutch delta 13 13

I: Flood protection Problem: rising sea level and increasing river discharges Risk = probability x effect Option 1 adjustments to built-up areas (long-term proces) Option 2 application of ‘Delta dykes’ (= unbreachable) Present policy PBL advice Sinds de Deltacommissie I is het geïnvesteerd vermogen en de bevolking in het overstromingsgevoelig gebied sterk gestegen en daarmee ook de potentiële gevolgen van een overstroming. Naar verwachting zal de waarde van het geïnvesteerd vemogen in de periode tot 2040/2050 nog eens een factor 2 tot 3 toenemen. De omvang van de potentiële gevolgen blijft daarmee toenemen. De gevolgen kunnen worden beperkt door aanpassen van de ruimtelijke inrichting van vooral het stedelijk gebied. Dit valt onder het deelprogramma Nieuwbouw en Herstructurering. Dit is een lastige en langdurige opgave in een complexe ruimtelijke setting. Alternatief is inzet deltadijken = doorbraakvrije dijken. Deze dijken zijn minimaal 100 keer sterker dan conventionele dijken en kunnen dus nagenoeg niet doorbreken. Hierdoor verandert een overstroming sterk van karakter. Doordat het water nu alleen over de dijk heen stroomt is de hoeveelheid, snelheid en diepte van de overstroming structureel minder. Dit kan leiden tot afname van slachtofferrisico’s van 50 tot wel 80/90%! Zie volgende sheet! Jelle van Minnen 23 May 2012, EIONET, Brussels Vulnerability & Adaptation in the Dutch delta 14

Delta dykes: almost unbreachable Jelle van Minnen 23 May 2012, EIONET, Brussels Vulnerability & Adaptation in the Dutch delta

Advantages of Delta dykes Strong decrease in casualties (50-80%) Strong reduction in economic losses Efforts for adjusting built-up area reduced Less vulnerable to unexpected extremes caused by climate change Doordat het gevaar van de overstroming sterk afneemt wordt Nederland ook minder gevoelig voor klimaatextremen. Ook bij extremere situaties dan verwacht, blijft het effect van de overstroming beperkt. Bij een conventionele dijk/waterkering zou een doorbraak bij een extremere situatie dan verwacht tot een nog extremere overstroming leiden. Jelle van Minnen 23 May 2012, EIONET, Brussels Vulnerability & Adaptation in the Dutch delta 16

Disadvantage: Delta dykes more costly Present policy 1500 km Delta dykes Figuur laat zien dat: de inzet van doorbraakvrije dijken (paarse ster/blauwe cirkel) en een strategie met verder gedifferentieerde normen en sturing van de overstromingen in het rivierengebied (blauwe ster/blauwe stippelcirkel) tot een forse reductie van de schaderisico’s leiden. Deze beide opties sturen op het verminderen van de gevolgen. De optie die de gevolgen vermindert door vanaf 2010 alle nieuwbouw buiten het overstromingsgevoelig gebied te plaatsen (gele ster) laat maar een beperkte vermindering zien. Dit komt doordat er in de periode tot 2040/2050 slechts een beperkte toename aan bebouwd gebied is. Het meeste staat er nu al. Generieke aanscherping van de veiligheidsnormen met een factor 10, maar met conventionele dijken (paarse stip), geeft het laagste schaderisco, maar is verreweg het duurst. Mogelijk lagere investeringskosten In onze studie is in de dijkringen waar de doorbraakvrije dijken zijn toegepast de helft van de lengte aan dijken doorbraakvrij gemaakt. Recente studies laten zien dat met een kleiner deel doorbraakvrije dijken ook al een grote schadereductie kan worden behaald. Met i) een selectievere inzet van doorbraakvrije dijken kan wellicht tegen lagere investeringskosten eveneens een grote reductie in schaderiscico’s worden verkregen. Ook door ii) meekoppeling met investeringen in het Hoogwaterbeschermingsprogramma (HMWB) en iii) met stedelijke herstructurering langs de kust en rivieren (Multifunctionele dijken) kunnen de benodigde investeringen voor doorbraakvrije dijken omlaag worden gebracht. Mogelijk vergroot de gerichte inzet van doorbraakvrije dijken op strategische locaties de doelmatigheid van de investeringen: grotere risicoreductie dan met investeringen in conventionele dijken. Jelle van Minnen 23 May 2012, EIONET, Brussels Vulnerability & Adaptation in the Dutch delta 17

Effective solution: Application only at hot spots Lower investment costs by Selective use at hot spots. 200 km Delta dyke reduces flood risks by 50% Multifunctional design and shared costs In addition: Reserve water retention areas on flood plains Hotspots zijn gebieden met concentraties bevolking en geïnvesteerd vermogen: stedelijk gebied liggend nabij dijken met relatief hoge overstromingskansen (rivierengebied) en relatief lage overstromingskansen (Randstad e.d.) Integreren van doorbraakvrije dijken in veiligheidsbeleid vraagt zorgvuldig proces. Ligt voor de hand om als de keuze gemaakt, wordt te beginnen de meest risicovolle plekken. Constatering: hier belangrijke interactie met opgave aanpassen ruimtelijke inrichting stedelijk gebied! Bij deltadijken wordt die opgave veel minder! Jelle van Minnen & Willem Ligtvoet, 5 March 2012 Vulnerability& Adaptation in the Dutch delta 18

Preconditions for implementation of Delta dykes Adjusting national policy: prioritisation to be based on risks Adjusting legal design standards Integration in planned and future investment programmes Samenhang Nationale normen waterveiligheid en nationale keuze deltadijken? Gebiedsgerichte strategieën waterveiligheid Ruimtelijke inrichting Nieuwbouw en Herstructurering Opgave aanpassen ruimtelijke inrichting sterk afhankelijk van keuze wel/geen deltadijken Gedecentraliseerd en gedereguleerd ruimtelijk beleid maakt deltadijken alleen maar interessanter (Structuurvisie!) Samenhang: Hier interactie keuze deltadijken en ruimtelijke ontwikkeling in Nederland benadrukken. Zie de constateringen in de laatste twee punten! Er is dus ook een hierarchie in belangrijk instrument worden omarmd is, dat richtinggevend voor uitwerking op gebieds- en stadsniveau. Anderzijds kunnen resultaten van de gebiedsprocessen tot een belangrijk signaal komen: deltadijken opnemen in veiligheidsstrategie. Jelle van Minnen 23 May 2012, EIONET, Brussels Vulnerability & Adaptation in the Dutch delta 19

Summary (i) Impacts Many changes have been observed. But not everything is changing yet. Some future changes are more uncertain than others (even sign) Despite multiple future changes, in general NL is climate robust Critical issue for the Netherlands is fresh water availability, nature & health Jelle van Minnen 23 May 2012, EIONET, Brussels Vulnerability & Adaptation in the Dutch delta

Summary (ii) Adaptation options & strategies Fundamenal choices needed for more climate-resilient NL Unbreachable dykes Climate-proofing freshwater supplies needs more flexible water system & better use of water in river Rhine. Implementation of climate-proofing measures in urban development requires early integration in planning and decision making and flexibility in financing mechanisms. 21 Jelle van Minnen 23 May 2012, EIONET, Brussels Vulnerability & Adaptation in the Dutch delta

Report ‘Climate adaptation in the Dutch delta’ www.pbl.nl/en Jelle van Minnen 23 May 2012, EIONET, Brussels Vulnerability & Adaptation in the Dutch delta

II: Freshwater supplies Problem: in most dry scenario tipping point near 2050 if water demand increases, before 2050 Challenge: Enough fresh water in dry summers Balancing water supply  demand PBL advice: Increase flexibility in water systems Increase efficiency of water use for both national and regional waters Wateraanbod: grootste deel van het zoete water (circa 80%) wordt ook in zeer droge zomers gebruikt voor bestrijding verzilting Nieuwe Waterweg Watervraag: kan in regio’s in laag Nederland nog substantieel worden teruggebracht in zeer droge zomers door tijdelijk soepeler omgang met zoutnormen en optimaliseren waterbeheer Opgave: Uit de PBL/Deltares analyse komt naar voren dat uitgaande van het huidige grondgebruik alleen in het ongunstige W+ scenario rond 2050 vaker knelpunten kunnen optreden. Uit analyse Deltaprogramma op basis van Deltascenario’s komt naar voren dat als het watergebruik tov van de huidige situatie gaat toenemen er eerder knelpunten in de zoetwatervoorziening gaan optreden. PBL conclusie is dat – de onzekerheden in ogenschouw nemend- de komende decennia veranderingen in watervraag naar verwachting dominant zullen t.o.v. de klimaateffecten. Jelle van Minnen & Willem Ligtvoet, 5 March 2012 Vulnerability& Adaptation in the Dutch delta 23

Option flexibility in water supply: national waters Even in extremely dry summers, 80% of the available Rhine water is used to prevent salinisation by the New Waterway Here, salinisation could be prevented using less fresh water New Waterway 80% of Rhine flow Spreekt voor zich. Kan wellicht vervallen. Jelle van Minnen & Willem Ligtvoet, 5 March 2012 Vulnerability& Adaptation in the Dutch delta 24

Flexibility in water supply: Since Committee Veerman strong focus on IJsselmeer (water level + 1.5 meter) PBL: Focus on better use of Rhine water. 10% of Rhine at New Waterway ≈ 1 meter water-level fluctuation in IJsselmeer New Waterway: of national importance Spreekt voor zich. Kan wellicht vervallen. Jelle van Minnen & Willem Ligtvoet, 5 March 2012 Vulnerability& Adaptation in the Dutch delta 25

Flexibility in water supply: Better use of Rhine water Since Committee Veerman strong focus on IJsselmeer (water level + 1.5 meter) PBL: Focus on better use of Rhine water. New Waterway: of national importance Spreekt voor zich. Kan wellicht vervallen. 26

Flexibility in water demand: No overview of potential effects of measures per region Main uses are for agriculture and water-level management Options to address drought risks without extra water supplies: Accept drought losses, or insure them Large-scale water storage in regions: not cost-effective Adjust crops: choices are dominated by markets, not by water Adjust regional water management: seems no regret Studies indicate: Reduction in water use of 40 – 80% seems possible at low costs, for instance by accepting flexible salinisation standards in extreme dry years Jelle van Minnen & Willem Ligtvoet, 5 March 2012 Vulnerability& Adaptation in the Dutch delta

Thus: Fundamental choice in freshwater strategy Water supply and distribution remain as they are today Responsibility for climate adaptation lies with regional authorities and sectors Pressure on efficient water use and adjusting land use Water supply from national waters increase More efficient water use in national water system (New Waterway) Reduced pressure on more efficient use in regional water systems Fundamental question: Is water a public good that always needs to be supplied following the principle ‘supply follows demand’? Opties spreken voor zich. Essentie is dat in optie 2 er geen/geringe druk op de regio en sectoren ligt om efficiënt om te gaan met het beschikbare water. In optie 2 dan wel de vraag waar/hoeveel/voor wie en hoe gefinancierd? Jelle van Minnen & Willem Ligtvoet, 5 March 2012 Vulnerability& Adaptation in the Dutch delta 28

IV: Urban areas Problem: flood risks, increasing water nuisances, heat risks Challenge: A climate-proof development of urban areas PBL advice: Knowledge, expertise and effective measures are available Flexibility in urban infrastructure is limited Integration of adaptation measures in new urban development, redevelopment or maintainance programme today is needed to reduce additional costs in the future Jelle van Minnen & Willem Ligtvoet, 5 March 2012 Vulnerability& Adaptation in the Dutch delta

Measures and actors on different scales Potential measures Use of buildings Insulation of buildings Adjust treshold height Water retention within streets Street vegetation … Water retention under streets Upgrade sewerage system Create ponds and parcs Thermal storage systems Green networks Blue networks COMPLEX network of public and private actors Jelle van Minnen & Willem Ligtvoet, 5 March 2012 Vulnerability& Adaptation in the Dutch delta

Preconditions for seizing opportunities Integration of climate adaptation early on, in planning and design processes Clear responsibilities Integration in decision- making process More flexibility in financing mechanisms Jelle van Minnen & Willem Ligtvoet, 5 March 2012 Vulnerability& Adaptation in the Dutch delta

PBL report ‘Climate change impacts in the Netherlands’ (iv) Nature & Biodiversity Observed Projected In deze presentatie zoomen we kort in op de onderwerpen Veiligheid tegen overstromen, Zoetwatervoorziening. 32 Jelle van Minnen & Willem Ligtvoet, 5 March 2012 Vulnerability& Adaptation in the Dutch delta 32 32