98-1 Focus on Grammar 4 By Ruth Luman, Gabriele Steiner, and BJ Wells Copyright © 2006. Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Content Simple Past, Present Perfect, and Present Perfect Progressive Future Perfect and Future Perfect Progressive Negative Yes/No Questions and Tag Questions Phrasal Verbs

Simple Past, Present Perfect, and Present Perfect Progressive Part 1 Simple Past, Present Perfect, and Present Perfect Progressive

Adventure Travel Ad Are you looking for a little adventure in your life? Travel with me to beautiful Colorado. I’m an experienced river rafting and rock climbing guide. I’ve been guiding adventure travelers in this area for 10 years. In fact, last year, I took 30 trips down the Colorado River. Oh, and don’t worry about safety. I’ve also taken a number of first aid and safety courses. No one has ever broken any bones on my trips! 4

Use ago to show when something started. Simple Past 1 Use the simple past to talk about things that happened and were completed in the past. I rafted down the Nile River a year ago. I kayaked in the Grand Canyon for two months. rafted past now future kayaked Use ago to show when something started. He’s not kayaking now.

have guided have been rock climbing Perfect Tenses 1 Use the present perfect and the present perfect progressive to talk about things that started in the past, but were not completed. I have guided travelers my entire career. I have been rock climbing for 10 years. past now future have guided have been rock climbing These things continue up to the present and may continue into the future.

Remember! I’ve been knowing how to rock climb since I was young. Non-action (stative) verbs are not usually used in the progressive. I’ve been knowing how to rock climb since I was young. I’ve known how to rock climb since I was young. 7

Perfect Tenses 2 I have trained for six years to take this trip. We often use the present perfect and the present perfect progressive with for and since. Use for to show how long something has been true and since to show when something started. I have trained for six years to take this trip. for six years He has been guiding trips since 2000. since 2000. past now future for six years have trained has been guiding since 2000

Simple Past 2 We trekked through the Andes Mountains last year. Use the simple past with past time expressions. We trekked through the Andes Mountains last year. last year. He backpacked in Peru two months ago. ago. past now future trekked backpacked

Be Careful! Don’t use specific time expressions with the present perfect except after since. She has taken skydiving lessons last year. last year. She took skydiving lessons last year. last year. She has taken skydiving lessons since 2004. since 2004. 10

Present Perfect 1 They have canoed down the Amazon River. past future Use the present perfect without time expressions to talk about things that happened at some indefinite time in the past. They have canoed down the Amazon River. time ???? past now future We don’t know when they canoed down the river, or the time is not important.

Present Perfect 2 He has visited Machu Picchu three times. The present perfect without for or since shows that an activity is finished. We often say how many or how many times with this use of the present perfect. He has visited Machu Picchu three times. three times. past now future

Present Perfect Progressive The present perfect progressive shows that an activity is unfinished. We often say how long with the present perfect progressive. They have been climbing for five hours. for five hours. past now future for five hours have been climbing The activity is not finished. They’re still climbing.

Present Perfect & Simple Past Use the present perfect or the simple past with unfinished time periods such as today, this week, this month, and this year. Notice the difference in meaning. She’s traveled to Alaska twice this month. The month isn’t over. She might travel again. this month. The month isn’t over, but she probably won’t travel again this month. She traveled to Alaska twice this month. this month.

Future Perfect and Future Perfect Progressive Part 2 Future Perfect and Future Perfect Progressive

Form 1 Use will/won’t + have + past participle to form the future perfect. Contestants a dream. Some racers the course. They dehydration. will have fulfilled won’t have finished will have endured 16

Future Perfect Progressive 1 Use the future perfect progressive to talk about an action that will be in progress at a certain time in the future. By her first Ironman race By her first Ironman race, she will have been running for three years. past now future three years began running will enter race 17

Future Perfect Progressive 2 In the future perfect progressive, the action may start sometime in the future or it may have already started. By the time the team begins paddling By the time the team begins paddling, they will have been trekking for 18 hours straight. past now future 18 hours will begin trekking will begin paddling 18

Form 2 Use will / won’t + have been + base form + -ing to form the future perfect progressive. She for three years. Some racers very long. Riders all day. will have been running won’t have been training will have been eating 19

Time Clauses Use the future perfect or future perfect progressive with the simple present to show the relationship between two future events. First, millions of spectators line up. simple present future perfect When the race starts When the race starts, millions of spectators will have lined up. Then the race starts. now past future 20

Negative Yes/No Questions and Tag Questions Part 3 Negative Yes/No Questions and Tag Questions

Negative Yes/No Questions Like affirmative yes/no questions, negative yes/no questions begin with a form of be or an auxiliary verb, such as have, do, will, can, or should. Can’t you swim somewhere else? Haven’t you had lunch yet? Didn’t you see the shark warning sign? Aren’t sharks vegetarians? 22

It’s a long way down, isn’t it? I went the wrong way, didn’t I? Tag Questions 1 Form tag questions with statement + tag. The statement expresses an assumption. The tag means Right? OR Isn’t that true? Tag It’s a long way down, isn’t it? Tag I went the wrong way, didn’t I? Statement Statement 23

You won’t talk for too long, This rope will hold me, won’t it? Tag Questions 2 If the statement verb is affirmative, the tag verb is negative. If the statement verb is negative, the tag verb is affirmative. Negative Affirmative You won’t talk for too long, will you? This rope will hold me, won’t it? Negative Affirmative 24

Tag Questions 3 Form the tag with a form of be or an auxiliary verb, such as have, do, will, can, or should. Use the same auxiliary that is in the statement. He has done this before, hasn’t he? He isn’t joking, is he? You bought life insurance, didn’t you? 25

Intonation 1 You’re right. I didn’t wear a seat belt. Use tag questions in conversations when you expect the other person to agree with you. In this type of tag question, the voice falls on the tag. You’re right. I didn’t wear a seat belt. That hurts, doesn’t it? You didn’t wear a seatbelt, did you? This type of tag question is more like a statement than a question. The listener can just nod or say uh-huh to show that he or she is listening and agrees. The speaker is checking information he believes is correct. He expects the listener to answer (and agree). Uh-huh. 26

Intonation 2 This isn’t dangerous, is it? Tag questions can be used to get information. This type of tag question is more like a yes/no question. Like a yes/no question, the voice rises at the end, and you usually get an answer. This isn’t dangerous, is it? That’s what they told us in the skydiving class. The speaker wants to confirm his information because he is not sure it is correct. Well, sometimes there are sharks. This parachute will open before we land, won’t it? 27

Part 4 Phrasal Verbs

Transitive Phrasal Verbs 1 Most transitive phrasal verbs are separable. This means that noun objects can go after the particle or between the verb and the particle. He can’t figure out the instructions. noun object He can’t figure the instructions out. noun object 29

Transitive Phrasal Verbs 2 Some transitive phrasal verbs are inseparable. This means that both noun and pronoun objects always go after the particle. You cannot separate the verb from its particle. Sam ran his boss into. Sam ran into his boss. He ran him into. Sam ran into him. 30

Transitive Phrasal Verbs 3 A small group of transitive phrasal verbs must be separated. I have to do over the report. I have to do the report over. 31

Transitive Phrasal Verbs 4 Some transitive phrasal verbs are used in combination with certain prepositions. A phrasal verb + preposition combination (also called a three-word verb) is usually inseparable. I think I should drop out of this class. I can’t keep up with new technology. 32

Intransitive Phrasal Verbs Some phrasal verbs are intransitive. This means that they do not take an object. Son, hold on. I’m busy talking on the phone right now. Dad, hang up and call the fire department! 33