HOPEWELL PUBLIC SCHOOLS CARTER G. WOODON MIDDLE SCHOOL MR. WHEAT – 7 TH GRADE

United States Geography A state is an example of a political region. States may be grouped as part of different regions, depending upon the criteria used. Cities served as centers of trade & have political, economic, & cultural significance.

United States Geography Northeastern States – Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania

UNITED STATES GEOGRAPHY Midwestern States – Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota

United States Geography Southeastern Map – Maryland, Delaware, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas

United States Geography Southwestern States – Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona

United States Geography Rocky Mountain States Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Montana, Wyoming, Idaho

United States Geography Pacific States – California, Oregon, Washington

United States Geography Noncontiguous States Alaska & Hawaii

United States Geography Northeastern Cities – New York City, New York Boston, Massachusetts Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

United States Geography Southeastern Cities – Washington, D.C. Atlanta, Georgia New Orleans, Louisiana

United States Geography Midwestern Cities Chicago, Illinois St. Louis, Missouri Detroit, Michigan

United States Geography Southwestern Cities San Antonio, Texas Santa Fe, New Mexico

United States Geography Rocky Mountain Western Cities Denver, Colorado Salt Lake City, Utah

United States Geography Pacific Cities San Francisco, California Los Angeles, California

United States Geography Noncontiguous Cities Juneau, Alaska Honolulu, Hawaii

GREAT PLAINS During the nineteenth century (19 th century) or 1800s, people’s perceptions & use of the Great Plains changed.

GREAT PLAINS Technological advances allowed people to live in more challenging environments.

Physical Features/Climate of the Great Plains Flatlands that rise gradually from east to west.

Physical Features/Climate of the Great Plains Land eroded by wind & water.

Physical Features/Climate of the Great Plains Low rainfall

Physical Features/Climate of the Great Plains Frequent Dust Storms

Physical Features/Climate of the Great Plains Because of new technologies, people saw the Great Plains not as a “treeless wasteland” but as a vast area to be settled.

Inventions/Adaptations of the Great Plains Barbed wire – a type of fencing wire designed to keep animals in a confined space or area.

Inventions/Adaptations of the Great Plains Steel Plows – used in farming to cultivate soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting.

Inventions/Adaptations of the Great Plains Dry farming – technique for cultivating land which receives little rainfall. This includes safeguarding water & conserving soil.

Inventions/Adaptations of the Great Plains Sod houses – houses built using sod. Many people who lived on the Great Plains did not have wood or stone to construct normal homes.

Inventions/Adaptations of the Great Plains Beef cattle raising – cattle raised for meat production.

Inventions/Adaptations of the Great Plains Wheat farming – this type of farming required less water & grew well in the dryer soil of the Great Plains.

Inventions/Adaptations of the Great Plains Windmills – used throughout the Great Plains to pump water from the ground & to provide power.

Inventions/Adaptations of the Great Plains Railroads – linked the Atlantic & Pacific coasts & opened the vast interior to people who wanted to settle. The railroad made trade between different parts of the country easier, encouraging industrial & economic growth.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT Advances in transportation linked resources, products, & markets.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT Railroads were key in developing industry. Railroads could reach interior areas, including places where an inadequate (not enough) water supply or rough terrain made canals impossible.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT A network of thirty thousand (30,000) miles linked most of the nation’s major cities & towns because of the transcontinental railroad system.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT Manufacturing areas were clustered near centers of population & big cities.

Transportation of Resources Natural resources, such as copper & lead, were moved by railroad to manufacturing centers to eastern factories & cities.

Transportation of Resources Copper & lead, mined in New Mexico, Arizona, & Utah, was shipped by rail to eastern factories.

Transportation of Resources

Iron ore deposits were moved to sites of steel mills. In particular, many steel mills were built in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Transportation of Resources In the mid to late 1800s, huge, easily mined deposits of high-grade iron ore were discovered in Michigan, Minnesota, & Wisconsin.

Transportation of Resources The iron ore was shipped by railroad to Pittsburgh, which by the mid-1860s, became the center for the emerging new steel industry.

Transportation of Resources The need for weapons in the Civil War gave a great boost to Pittsburgh’s iron & steel industry.

Transportation of Resources The new Bessemer process allowed iron & coal to be converted cheaply into steel, which was manufactured into a variety of products – form nails to rails.

Transportation of Resources Transporting finished products to national markets were very important. This refrigerator car, apart of the Transcontinental Railroad, led to the creation of national markets as products were shipped from city to city.

Transportation of Resources Manufactured goods moved by railroad from eastern factories to markets around the United States.

Transportation of Resources The textile industry was based in New England.

Transportation of Resources The automobile industry was based in Detroit, Michigan.

Transportation of Resources The steel industry was based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.