An inside look at the structure and function of cells

 Zacharias Janssen ◦ A Dutch lens grinder invented the first compound microscope by placing two lenses together in a tube. ◦ Lead to the discovery of cells and smaller organisms ◦ Major technological breakthrough for biologists.

 Anton van Leeuwenhoek ◦ Known as the father of modern microscopy. ◦ Discovered single-celled animal-like organisms that are now called protozoan's.  Robert Hook ◦ Took the first look through a microscope at cork cells. ◦ He noticed many different chambers and called them cells. ◦ First one to draw pictures of organisms under a microscope.

 Dissecting ◦ Used to view live specimen while dissecting  Compound Light ◦ Can be used to view living or dead organisms with increased magnification.  SEM or TEM ◦ Allows you to see 3-D images of specimens. ◦ Can only view specimens that are dead!

 Matthais Schleiden- Studied plants and found out that they were made of individual cells.  Theodor Schwann- Looked at animal tissues and realized that they were made of indivual cells.  Rudolph Virchow- Proposed that all cells are produced from the division of exisiting cells.  These three ideas are the basis of Modern CELL THEORY!!!

 All living things are composed of one or more cells.  Cells are the basic unit of structure and function for all organisms.  Cells only come from previously existing cells.

 Cells are the basic building blocks of organisms  Most cells can only be observed under a microscope  The basic types of cells can include Plant Animal Bacteria

 Prokaryotic- lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles called organelles. ◦ Mostly bacteria cells  Eukaryotic – have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. (protista, plant, animals, and fungi)

Cell membrane & cell wall Nucleoid region contains the DNA Contain ribosomes (no membrane) to make proteins in their cytoplasm

Contain 3 basic cell structures:  Nucleus  Cell Membrane  Cytoplasm with organelles

 Plant Cell Animal Cell

 Are membrane bound structures inside the cell that are used to complete daily processes.  They act like organs in our bodies and create, breakdown and expel materials necessary for life.

 Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell  Selectively permeable  Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells  Made of protein and phospholipids  Fluid Mosaic

Jelly-like substance (cytosol) enclosed by the cell membrane -Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place - Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs

- Powerhouse of the cell - Rod shape - Site of cellular respiration which uses organic compounds to produce ATP - Number of mitochondria in a cell depends on the work that type of cell does (liver cells=2,500) - Cristae folded membranes inside the organelle

 Most numerous  No membrane  Made of proteins and RNA  MAKE PROTEINS  Can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to ER

 Smooth ER lacks ribosomes & makes enzymes and steroids USED In the cell  Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT  Closely associated with the nucleus

 Stacks of flattened sacs  Have a shipping side & a receiving side (like a post office)  Receive & modify proteins made by ER  Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the ends

 Contain digestive enzymes  Break down food and worn out cell parts for cells

 Site of water and waste storage.  Animal cells have small ones throughout the cell.  Plants have a large central vacuole.

 Controls the normal activities of the cell ◦ Bounded by a nuclear membrane (envelope) ◦ Contains chromosomes (DNA) ◦ Nucleolus  Inside nucleus  Makes ribosomes

 Hair-like structures that are used for movement.  Cilia- are short and there are thousands of them.  Flagella- long whip-like structure.

 Cell Wall ◦ Dead layer (cellulose fibers) ◦ Freely permeable ◦ Gives shape to the cell  Central Vacuole ◦ Store waste and enzymes

◦ Contain the green pigment chlorophyll ◦ Traps sunlight to make sugars (food) photosynthesis

 Centriole ◦ Near the nucleus ◦ Paired structures ◦ Help cell divide

-structure to maintain cell shape and size -protein strands - include spindle fibers used in cell division

 The shape of a cell is the result of its function.

white blood cell red blood cell cheek cells sperm nerve cell muscle cell Amoeba Paramecium

Animal cells  Irregular shape  No cell wall  Relatively smaller in size  Vacuole small or absent  Nucleus at the center  Glycogen as food storage Plant cells  Regular shape  Cell wall present  Relatively larger in size  Large central vacuole  Nucleus near cell wall  Starch as food storage