Nanotechnology in the European Union Part I Ineke Malsch, Malsch TechnoValuation EULAKS Summerschool Mexico City 25 August 2009

Table of contents: Introduction Indicator-based comparison of nanoactivities in European countries Conclusion

Introduction – Who am I? Ineke Malsch, director of Malsch TechnoValuation: Consultant on Technology and Society: EU projects incl. ObservatoryNano and ICPCNanoNet. Technology Assessment of nanotechnology. Publications on nano-, bio-, microsystems technology, etc. Located in Utrecht, since C.V: Graduated in Physics, University of Utrecht, 1991 Postgrad education in Environmental Impact Assessment and Social Studies of Science and Technology Scholarship STOA, European Parliament, Luxemburg, (incl. nano) Fellowship nanotechnology IPTS, JRC, EC, Sevilla, Part time study Theology, KTU, Utrecht, Part-time PhD project Centrum voor Ethiek, RU Nijmegen, since 2005 (professor J-P Wils)

Introduction European Union (EU27)Associated States to FP7 incl. Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Israel Norway Switzerland Turkey © European Commission

Introduction: Science, Technology and Innovation policy in the European Union is shared between the European Union and the Member States; The policy is coordinated in the framework of the Lisbon Strategy for Growth and Jobs (2000, updated in 2005); Part of the national budgets for RTD is handed over to the European Commission and distributed via the Framework Programmes for RTD (currently FP7); Several non-EU member states are associated to the Framework programme; The EU funding is mainly focused on more applied research (e.g. Nanotechnology); National governments are responsible for basic science.

Introduction – what is nanotechnology?

2. What is nanotechnology today? In the beginning, all definitions of nanotechnology have been vague, to stimulate interdisciplinary research collaborations hoping for breakthroughs on the borderlines between physics, chemistry, biology, materials science.Malsch Techno Techno Valuation Valuation

Malsch Techno Techno Valuation Valuation Instruments for working on atomic scale Tabletop Atomic Force Microscope © Nanotruck, Researcher working in IMECs Nanoelectronics Lab, © IMEC, be/wwwinter/me diacenter/IMECg allery/cat0p1.sht ml be/wwwinter/me diacenter/IMECg allery/cat0p1.sht ml

Malsch Techno Techno Valuation Valuation An Mre11-proteincomplex bound to a piece of DNA, with its arms stretched parallel to each other. The complex consists of a body and two arms. The arms are continuously moving, grabbing each others ends and releasing again. When the complex binds to a piece of DNA the arms stretch parallel. If they touch another complex in the same position, the ends of the arms attach to each other. This way, two pieces of DNA are being connected. Photo: Kavli Institute of Nanoscience/Erasmus MC, Scientific Research with atomic force microscopes

Malsch Techno Techno Valuation Valuation New materials with new properties Carbon nanotubes over Platinum Electrodes, © Molecular Biophysics Group, TU Delft, Atomic structure of kinked nanotube

Malsch Techno Techno Valuation Valuation New materials with new properties Quantum dot composites: Particles of inorganic semiconducting material with nanometer scale dimensions exhibit size- dependent electronic and optical properties which are different from those of bulk solids. Philips is investigating quantum dots in composites with polymers to combine the favourable properties of inorganic materials with those of polymers. These materials could be used as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of which the colour is determined by the size of the quantum dots. Photo Philips es/ldm-nanotech.html es/ldm-nanotech.html

Malsch Techno Techno Valuation Valuation New materials with new properties Polymer matrix nanocomposite material filled with nanoclays. ©TNO, Netherlands iek/productieoptimalisatie_in/innovati eve_materialen/planomersnanocompo sites/

Malsch Techno Techno Valuation Valuation Examples of applications: (Nanotruck, Dirt repellent textile Biological dye for preventing document forgery Solar panels

Nano-electronics, Micro and nanosystems technology, miniaturization, RFID tags, smart dust, ambient intelligenceMalsch Techno Techno Valuation Valuation Researchers show miniature variable Fluid Focus lens and the camera that contains the lens.Photo: Philips

Malsch Techno Techno Valuation Valuation Data Storage: The Millipede concept: for operation of the device, the storage medium - a thin film of organic material (yellow) deposited on a silicon "table" - is brought into contact with the array of silicon tips (green) and moved in x- and y-direction for reading and writing. Multiplex drivers (red) allow addressing of each tip individually. © IBM Research, mm/pr.nsf/pages/rscd.millipede- picb.html mm/pr.nsf/pages/rscd.millipede- picb.html

Medicine: -Drug delivery: -Cancer: Chemotherapy; Thermo therapy -Blood-brain barrier -Gene therapie -Oral in stead of injected drugsMalsch Techno Techno Valuation Valuation Medical Buckyballs. Computer model of a molecule made by LUNA Innovations of Blacksburg, Va. The company plans to produce novel "buckyball" materials for medical diagnostics and other military and commercial applications. NIST, USA mage_gallery.htm mage_gallery.htm

Pharmacy: New drug development, genomics, proteomics: -DNA-chips, etc. Medical Devices: -Diagnostics Malsch Techno Techno Valuation Valuation Biochip ©Nanotruck Biosensor, Photo Philips

Medical Devices Molecular imaging: Researcher inspects pharmacokinetic map of lung cancer patient with novel molecular imaging. Photo: Philips Malsch Techno Techno Valuation Valuation

Medical Devices Passive implants: –Artificial hips, knees, teeth Active implants: –Eyes, ears, pacemakers, neural implants, subdermal drug delivery (diabetes)Malsch Techno Techno Valuation Valuation An intraocular retinal prosthesis will use an external system to capture and process image data and transmit the information to an implanted unit. The implanted unit would decode the data and stimulate the retina with a pattern of electrical impulses to produce a perception. ©USC BMES, erc.usc.edu/research_programs_retinal.htmhttp://bmes- erc.usc.edu/research_programs_retinal.htm

Agrofood and environmental applications: Agriculture/ environment: (Nanoforum, 2006, ObservatoryNano, 2009) –Pest and pollution control with sensors; –Energy producing/saving greenhouses and buildings; –Soil remediation, erosion protection. Food, nutrition (Nanoforum, 2006, MinacNed, 2006, ObservatoryNano, 2009): –Food and drink packaging, –Low fat tasty foods, –Nutraceuticals and diet foods, –Food processing (sensors, membranes, catalysts) Water purification and desalination (ObservatoryNano, in preparation): –ultra, nano and quantum membranes (Gayle Pergamit, Covalent, 2006); –Catalysts, e.g. Iron oxide nanoparticles for arsenic removal (Vicky Colvin, 2006). Malsch Techno Techno Valuation Valuation Clean water. Photo Philips

Indicator-based comparison of European countries (and global leaders): Input of public funding in 2004 (Hullmann, 2006) Output of publications (MERIT, ObservatoryNano, 2009) Patent statistics (MERIT, ObservatoryNano, 2009) and OECD

Public funding for nanotechnology in 2004 (* in 2003) Source: Hullmann, 2006, cordis.europa.eu/nanotechnology USA (Federal) 910,000 Australia 62,000Finland 14,500India 3,800 Japan 750,000Belgium* 60,000Austria 13,100Malaysia 3,800 Eur. Commission 370,000 Italy* 60,000Spain 12,500Romania 3,100 USA (States) 333,300 Israel 46,000Mexico 10,000S. Africa 1,900 Germany 293,100Netherlands 42,300 New Zealand 9,200Greece* 1,200 France 223,900Canada 37,900Denmark 8,600Poland* 1,000 South Korea 173,300 Ireland 33,000Singapore 8,400Lithuania 1,000 United Kingdom 133,000 Switzerland 18,500 Norway 7,000 China 83,300Indonesia 16,700Brazil 5,800others 2,800 Taiwan 75,900Sweden 15,000Thailand 4,200total 3,850,000

EU public funding in nanotechnology in 2007 (Member States + EC-FP7) FP7 theme /SP M% NMP ICT incl. FET Ideas (ERC) People Energy Health Infrastructures SME Courtesy of European Commission DG RTD, 2009

Source: Merit, ObservatoryNano ICPC NanoNet

Source: Merit, ObservatoryNano ICPC NanoNet

Source: Merit, ObservatoryNano ICPC NanoNet

Source: Merit, ObservatoryNano project

Source: Merit, ObservatoryNano project

Source: Merit, ObservatoryNano project

Nanotechnology patenting by region (Global top-20, OECD patent database January 2008, Palmberg et al 2009): Mainly dominated by US (10 regions, 25.1%) and Japan (4 regions, 10.9%) Top European regions: –Noord Brabant (Netherlands): 8th, 1.7% –Rhone-Alpes (France): 11th, 1.5% –Ile de France (France): 12th, 1.4% –South East England (UK): 20th, 1.0%

Conclusions: Which trends are visible in the indicators: -The European Union is leading European public investment in nanotechnology; -European countries vary considerably in their funding and output in publications and patents in nanotechnology; -European leaders in nanotechnology are Germany, France and the UK, but also smaller countries including Switzerland and The Netherlands are strong players; -Worldwide, Europe has the biggest share in nanopatents in the construction (42%) and aerospace, automotive and transport (36%) sectors; -Europe has more than their average (20%) share of nanopatents in Health, Nanomedicine and Nanobio (29%), security (26%), environment (25%) and agrifood (24%) sectors; -And less than their average share in Chemistry & Materials, Energy (both 19%), Textiles (17%) and ICT (10%).

References and further reading: -ObservatoryNano reports on Technical and Economic Trends, Ethical and Social, EHS, Legal aspects and Communication, 2009: -ICPC NanoNet annual reports on Nanotechnology in Latin America and other ICPC countries, Palmberg et al, Nanotechnology: an overview based on indicators and statistics,OECD, Paris, 2009, -European Commission nanotechnology pages: and Acknowledgement: The work presented here has benefited from support by the European Union in several projects including ICPC NanoNet and ObservatoryNano. Slides on the EU policy on nanotechnology and on open calls for nano-proposals have been made available by EC project officer Jyrki Suominen. Any opinions given are solely my own responsibility and can not in any way be attributed to any European institution.