Chapter 5

The Sea Ionian and Aegean Seas Traders; no natural resources The Land Mountains in 3/4ths Trouble uniting Desire for more living space The Climate Mediterranean Supported outdoor activities Outdoor Town Halls

First people of Greece Located on island of Crete Seafaring/traders Sophisticated civilization

Mainland Greeks – Indo-Europeans Mycenae – main city Fortified city -Withstand any attack Dominated by Warrior- Kings Agamemnon Warlike raiding kingdoms Minoan Influence-after 1500 BCE – writing, seaborne trade, art, religion, politics

10 yr. war – Trojan Prince (Paris) kidnaps wife of Greek king (Helen) Mainland Greeks sail to Troy – Trojan Horse Mycenean civilization collapses shortly after this- invasions

Invaders move into Greece Dorian's take Peloponnesus Economy/trade collapse No writing Less advanced than Mycenaeans Oral History – Homer and the Iliad – blind poet

Arete – Virtue and excellence - Could display in war or athletics In Homer’s stories Myths Stories about their gods – from Homer and Hesiod Understand nature and human passions

Polis – a city state – political unit by 750 BCE – often <10,000 people Acropolis – fortified hilltop where citizens gather to discuss gov’t

Aristocracy Small group of nobles Tyranny One tyrant controls all Different definition than today – not harsh/cruel Oligarchy Rule by a few powerful land owners Wealthy Monarchy King rules

Democracy emerges Draco – 621 bce – legal code – equality, harsh (death, slavery) Solon – 594 bce (outlawed slavery) 4 social classes, assembly, any citizen could bring charges Cleisthenes – 500 bce – grouped citizens into 10 groups based on where they lived rather than wealth, all citizens could submit laws for debate/passage, Council of 500 (chosen by lottery, proposed laws, counceled assembly) Only free adult male property owners born in Athens were citizens

bce most powerful Greek army - Control of peasants Assembly elects officials, Council of Elders proposed laws, kings control military Put Sparta First Value duty, strength, and discipline Toughness and obedience, not education Did not value individual expression – art, literature, etc. 3 Classes Citizens (landowners), non-citizens (commerce) and slaves (peasants)

Men Active in politics Military weaker Education important – free thought Wealthy boys learned to read/write and play sports, debate Women Manage house, children Some learned to read/write Girls – little education, not citizens Men Only men born in Sparta were Citizens Boys lived in army barracks from 7-30 “Spartan” Women Not citizens Allowed to own land & businesses Some military training

Iron weapons - cheaper Ordinary citizens had weapons/fought Phalanx Hoplites

Greeks Vs. Persians Persian empire invades Battle at Marathon 490 bce Athens routs Persian army Phiedippidies “rejoice, we conquer” Battle at Thermopylae 480 bce (Xerxes invades, Greeks divided) 7000 Greeks, including 300 Spartans, temporarily block Xerxes’ men – all die, but Spartans’ bravery impacts Greeks

Athens fights Xerxes at sea Persians on the defensive Delian League – led by Athens, Greek city-states unite against Persian empire – 200 city-states Athens uses it’s newfound power to control all of Greece – wealth and military Athens enters a golden age of creativity (we will discuss this later in more detail)

Athens vs. Sparta 431 bce Sparta wins, partly due to a “plague” that kills 1/3 of Athenian population 421 bce truce signed, 415 bce Athens sends 20,000 soldiers to Sicily (ally of Sparta) – Athens defeated, 404 bce Athens surrenders to Sparta City-states divided and weakened, nearby kingdom of Macedonia takes note

Would you rather live in Sparta or Athens? Explain your reasoning.

1. What is an oligarchy? 2. How do we know that the Mycenaean's were warrior type people?

Using the information you have been given in your notes, handout and the book. Compare and Contrast Sparta and Athens using a Venn Diagram. You must have at least 5 different aspects of life you are comparing in each circle.