INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Chapter 22-2

The Second Industrial Revolution The main products of the 2nd industrial revolution were steel, chemicals, electricity and petroleum. Steel – 1855 Bessemer Process – steel production faster and cheaper – steel replaces iron 1870s 1st practical electrical generators produced. By 1910 numerous power plants power cities Series of inventions result Edison/Swan – lightbulb Bell – telephone Marconi – radio Revolution in transportation – internal combustion engine – ocean-liners, automobile, airplane

Second Industrial Revolution Industrial production grows rapidly because: Demand increased because of high wages Lower costs – transportation costs and assembly line Availability – 1st department stores Second industrial revolution splits Europe North and West – increasingly industrial, high standard of living and transportation infrastructure South and East – largely agricultural, low standard of living Development of a global economy dominated by Europe

The New Urban Environment Cities in Europe grow rapidly after 1850 throughout Europe. Few jobs In cities result is huge improvements in public health and sanitation. Pushed by public health reforms as a way to combat disease – especially Cholera Boards of health, building inspections, health regulations, clean water and sewage systems

Organizing the Working Classes The desire for improved working conditions, wages, standard of living results in formation of socialism and trade unions. Karl Marx & Frederick Engels write the Communist Manifesto in 1848 History is the history of the struggle between the oppressor (owners of means of production) and the oppressed (workers/owners of only their labor) Industrial society bourgeoisie and proletariat because of capitalism which must be destroyed Fight between B & P = revolution and the development of a classless society

Organizing the Working Classes Socialist political parties form based on Marx’s ideas. Germany – German Social Democratic Party – politics and revolution European socialist parties form the Second International in 1889. Divided on tactic – revolution or vote Workers also organized unions to fight for improved working conditions and living standards. Right to strike – at first illegal but gradually won the right (Britain in 1870s)

Social Structure of Mass Society European society split into new elite, diverse middle class, and working class. New elite 5% of population but 30-40% of wealth Mix of old aristocracy and newly rich bankers and factory owners Middle Class Made-up of workers in jobs that required eduction – doctors, lawyers, civil service, engineers, etc. and shopkeepers, traders, successful farmers White-collar workers – office and clerical workers All shared a commitment to a certain type of lifestyle Working Class 80% of European population Industrial (skilled and unskilled) laborers, agricultural workers, servants Many the the public health reforms benefitted working class and cheaper products improved standard of living.

Women’s Experience New job opportunities for women – white-collar clerical work emerge. Number of children decline due to improved economic conditions and use of birth control. Family the central institution of middle-class life. Ideal women is wife and mother devoted to child care and domestic leisure In working class most women had to earn a wage to help support family. Children would enter workforce at 9 or 10. Between 1890-1914 this changes and better wages means that working-class families start copying the middle class family Victorian morality”(1840-1900) can describe any set of values that espouse sexual restraint, low tolerance of crime and a strict social code of conduct. Growth of Women’s rights - 1870-1907 right to won property; entrance into medical field (nurses); suffrage/full citizenship Women’s Social and Political Union – Emmeline Pankhurst

Education and Leisure Between 1870-1914 free public education systems emerge in Europe for children between 6-12. Needed educated workforce and patriotic, voting citizens New forms of leisure come about due the new working hours of the industrial work force which gave evenings and weekends off as well as vacation time. Amusement parks, professional sports, dance halls.