Chapter 3 Europe

European Influences Europe is a heart for many contemporary global ideas and practices Democracy Christianity Colonialism Imperialism The Enlightenment Nationalism Fascism Socialism Communism Genocide

Diversity, Conflict, and Technological Innovation Migrations of Peoples Early cultural groups: Greeks, Celts, Romans Other cultural groups: Germanic & Slavic Peoples The Rise of European Global Power Capitalism, Colonialism & Imperialism Industrial Revolution Nations, States, and Nation-States Nationalism and World Wars Genocide

Natural Environment Climate Midlatitude west coast climates Mediterranean climate Midlatitude continental interior climate

Natural Environment Geologic Variety Ancient shield areas around the Baltic Sea Uplands of Central Europe Iberian Meseta, Massif Central, Brittany, Rhine Highlands, Bohemian Massif, British and Norwegian uplands Young folded mountains Alps, Sierra Nevada, Pyrenees, Apennines, Dinaric Alps, Pindus, Carpathians, Balkans Extensive plains North European Plain

Natural Environment Long Coastlines and Navigable Rivers Peninsulas Scandinavia, Jutland, Brittany, Iberia, Italy, Greece Seas Baltic, North, Mediterranean, Adriatic, Aegean Major Rivers Rhine, Elbe, Danube, Rhone, Seine, Loire, Thames, Vistula, Po Estuaries: where rivers meet the seas Important port locations

Natural Environment Forests, Fertile Soils, and Marine Resources Loess soils Natural and Human Resources Environmental Issues From Forests to Farms Impacts of industrialization East Central Europe and the Black Triangle Global environmental action Mediterranean Sea Waste Management

Global Changes and Local Responses Europe after 1945 Communism Democratic Centralism State Socialism Planned Economies NATO European Union Supranationalism

Global Changes and Local Responses Devolution within European Countries Devolution Local peoples desiring less rule from national governments Euroregions Border areas of differing countries within European Union countries where the people within them work together to make trans-boundary movement easier

Global Changes and Local Responses Population Patterns Dynamics Low and Zero population growth rates Exceptions: Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia Urban-Rural Shifts Urbanization and Urban Landscapes Gentrification Women, Power, and Social Position

Global Changes and Local Responses Changes in Europe’s Economic Geography Productive capacity Producer goods Agglomeration economies Geographic inertia Deindustrialization

Global Changes and Local Responses Planning and Privatization Manufacturing in non-Communist Europe 1950s: locating new factories in poor areas 1970s: EU regional policy 1980s & 1990s: reduction in government protections 2000s: extensive privatization

Global Changes and Local Responses Agriculture Concentration Intensification Specialization Agribusiness Extensification Tourism Global City-Regions

Western Europe Countries France United Kingdom The Low Countries: Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg Alpine Countries: Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein Germany

Western Europe People: Ethnicity and Culture Economic Development Immigrant Workforces Guest workers Refugees Economic Development Sophisticated Manufacturing Industries Autos, airplanes Energy Sources Coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear Service Industries Producer services, productivity

Northern Europe Countries Sweden Denmark Iceland Norway Finland Faeroe Islands Greenland Iceland Norway Fjords Finland

Northern Europe People: Ethnicity and Culture Economic Development Scandinavians, Finns, Sami Evangelical Lutheran Christianity Economic Development Primary Agriculture: Denmark; Wood products: Sweden, Finland; Oil and gas: Norway Manufacturing High-tech: Sweden Overall: high GDP per capita

Mediterranean Europe Countries Portugal Spain Andorra Monaco Italy Vatican City (Holy See) San Marino Malta Greece

Mediterranean Europe People: Ethnicity and Culture Romance languages, Roman Catholicism Portuguese, Spain, Italy Eastern Orthodox, Cyrillic alphabet Greece

Mediterranean Europe Economic Development Tourism Agriculture Market gardening Tourism Major industry Historic sights Beaches

East Central Europe Countries Estonia Romania Latvia Bulgaria Lithuania Poland Czech Republic Slovakia Hungary Romania Bulgaria Slovenia Croatia Bosnia & Herzegovina Serbia & Montenegro Macedonia

East Central Europe Yugoslavia Created following World War I Culture Slovenes & Croats: Roman Catholic Serbs, Macedonians, Bulgarians: Eastern Orthodox Bosnians: Muslims, Roman Catholic, E. Orthodox Devolution in 1990 Armed conflict involving Croats, Serbs, Bosnians Kosovo

East Central Europe People: Ethnicity and Culture Peoples Language Western Slavs: Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Sorbs South Slavs: Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, Bulgarians, Macedonians Language Slavic languages dominate Romanian is Romance language; Estonian is Finno-Ugric

East Central Europe Ethnic Tensions Irredentism Ethnic cleansing Assimilation, expulsion, extermination Genocidal rape

East Central Europe Economic Development Region late to industrialize Prior to World War I, the region was dominated by empires who treated Dominance of Communism following World War II Collapse of Communism Reorientation towards Western Europe Most successful: Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, Baltic countries