VISUALIZATION WHY WE NEED SYNCHROPHASOR TECHNOLOGY IN OPERATIONS John Ballance – EPG Presented to ERCOT Phasor Technology Workshop – November 16, 2012

Lessons Learned from Major Blackouts  Lack of Wide Area View  Lack of Situational Awareness − Health of the Grid  Lack of Time-synchronized and High Resolution Data  System Models Inaccurate and Inadequate

WECC August 10, 1996 Event TOTAL WECC IMPACTS Load Lost30,489 MW Generation Lost27,269 MW Customers Affected7.49 Million Outage TimeUp to 9 Hours

Inaccurate Dynamic Models WECC 1996 Breakup

2003 Italy Blackout Transmission line between Italy and Switzerland trips, storm related Event starts a cascading event and the loss of all transmission lines into Italy 56 million people impacted for up to 12 hours

2003 Italy Blackout Transmission line between Italy and Switzerland trips, storm related Event starts a cascading event and the loss of all transmission lines into Italy 56 million people impacted for up to 12 hours

EI August 14, 2003 Blackout Outage Impact Load Lost61,800 MW Generation Lost55,000 MW (508 Units) Customers Affected50 Million Outage TimeFew hours up to 2 weeks Cost$7-14 Billion

EI August 14, 2003 Blackout  Note: Angles are based on data from blackout investigation. Angle reference is Browns Ferry.  115 degrees Cleveland Separation  Phase Angles Diverged Prior To Blackout  12 degrees  3:05 pm  25 degrees  3:30 pm  45 degrees  4:10 pm

EU November 4, 2006 Outage  Poorly planned 400 kV transmission outage led to a cascading event  System could not withstand an N-1 event  Outage impacted 15 million European households  Full restoration in 2 hours

Sept. 8, 2011 Pacific Southwest Outage Impacted Area Customers Impacted – 2.7 Million Load Interrupted – 7,835 MW Generation Lost – 6,982 MW Customer Outage Time – 6 to 12 hrs.

Path 44 Rating System Separation Limit Event Starts – 15:27:39 Blackout – 15:38:38 CFE Gen Trip IID Transformer Trip APS Tie Trip IID Tie Trip CFE Gen Trip SCE-SDG&E Tie Trip Based on Preliminary Data Sept. 8, 2011 Pacific Southwest Outage Loading on SCE-SDG&E Tie

JULY 31, 2012 – OUTAGE IN INDIA

Customers Impacted – 600 Million Load Interrupted – 48,000 MW Outage Time – 2 to 8 hrs. There were forty six (46) 400 kV and 765 kV line outages prior to event in the NR, ER and WR Impacted Areas

Industry Drivers and Challenges for Grid Operations  Greenhouse Gas Reduction  Renewable Performance Standards  Transmission Siting and Project Delays  Operating Challenge - Greater stress on the transmission system -- need for new technologies and real time tools –Situational Awareness – Monitor the health of the grid and its dynamic performance in real time –Wide area visualization - Common information and displays and time synchronized data – available simultaneously to multiple control rooms –Monitoring key metrics - High resolution monitoring of grid performance metrics and dynamics

NERC Perspective on Synchrophasor Technology  Synchrophasor technology has significant reliability benefits –Operational Monitoring – Wide Area Visualization –Bulk Power System Control –System Analysis and Planning –Smart Grid Integration  Potential to improve operational planning and control room operations NERC GOAL  Move phasor technology into mainstream of industry acceptance and use Remarks at NASPI Oct 5, 2010

Value of Phasor Technology  Wide Area Real Time Situational Awareness − Monitor Health of the Grid, Prevent Blackouts, Reduce Blackout Footprint, Enable Faster Recovery  Real Time Monitoring and Visualization of Grid Metrics  Time-synchronized and High Resolution Data – Monitor Grid Dynamics in Real Time  Improve Planning Models and State Estimators

ERCOT – Phasor Network

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