1. SEMINAR PRESENATATION ON WIDEAREA BLACKOUT (AN ELECTRICAL DISASTER) BY:Madhusmita Mohanty Electrical Engineering 7TH Semester Regd No-0901109005

2. Contents 1)Introduction 2)What is blackout? 3)July2012 India blackout 4)Why Blackout? 5)Preventing blackout 6)Synchrophasor Monitoring 7)Fact Devices 8)Distributed generation 9)Why it is a disaster? 10)Conclusion

3. (1)Introduction Security of a power system is affected by three factors: Characteristics of the physical system: –the integrated generation, transmission and distribution system –protection and control systems Business structures of owning and operating entities The regulatory framework

4. (2)What is a blackout? A blackout refers to the total loss of power to an area and is the most severe form of power outage that can occur in a power system. Blackouts which results in power stations tripping are particularly difficult to recover quickly. Outages may last from a few minutes to a few weeks depending on the nature of the blackout and the configuration of the electrical network

5. (3)July 2012 India blackout  Largest power outage in history  Occurred as two separate events on 30 and 31 July 2012  Affected over 620 million people, half of India's population  Spread across 22 states in Northern, Eastern, and Northeast India.

6. (4)Reasons behind July Blackout Weak inter-regional power transmission corridors due to multiple existing outages High Loading on 400 kV Bina-Gwalior-Agra link. Inadequate response by SLDCs to the instructions of (RLDCs) to reduce overdraw by the Northern Region utilities and underdrawal/excess generation by the Western Region utilities. Loss of 400 kV Bina-Gwalior link due to mis-operation of its protection system.

7. Angular Separation between NR and Grid

8. (5)Preventing blackouts Long Term plans:  Adequate transmission access to load centers  Sufficient generation  Dynamic simulation  Distributed generation  Smart grid Short Term plans:  Implementation of special protection schemes  Proper use of FACT devices

9. (6)Synchrophasor Monitoring Most monitoring of the grid is based on non- simultaneous average values. Monitoring of line voltage phase angles (phasors) can fill that gap, providing the instantaneous measurement of electrical magnitudes and angles.

10. Use of phasor measurements

11. Dynamic Security Assessment (DSA)

12. (7)FACT devices

13. (8)Distributed Generations Use wind turbines, Solar arrays, Geothermal, Stream turbine from a small local stream, Wave, Tidal energy Offer significant economic, environmental and security benefits Small, modular, located near load site

14. Preventing blackouts Good design and operating practices could minimize the occurrence and impact of widespread outages –Reliability criteria –Robust stability controls –Coordinated emergency controls –Real-time system monitoring and control Need for a single entity with overall responsibility for security of entire interconnected system

15. Why blackout is a disaster?? Electric power: Essential resource of national security It affects : finance,transportation,food and water supply, health and welfare, communications, research, heating, cooling, lighting, computer and electronics, industries, commercial enterprise and many more… Impact on grid and public life is countless…

16. (10)Conclusion Will there be a blackout in future??? Engineers tend to learn from the past... but systems are usually prepared to the last (rather than future) war Improvements in communications and coordination in SLDC,RLDC and generating stations... but new challenges are looking ahead

17. REFERENCES: I.www. http://www.powermin.nic.in August 2012 II.http://wikipedia.org/India_blackouts III.ieee.org