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Biology: What is Life? life study of Properties of Life Cellular Structure: the unit of life, one or many Metabolism: photosynthesis, respiration, fermentation, digestion, gas exchange, secretion, excretion, circulation--processing materials and energy Growth: cell enlargement, cell number Movement: intracellular, movement, locomotion Reproduction: avoid extinction at death Behavior: short term response to stimuli Evolution: long term adaptation

Homeostasis - metabolism Nutrition Mode Energy Source Carbon Source Photoautotroph Light CO2 Chemoautotroph Inorganic chem Photoheterotroph Organic chem Chemoheterotroph All of these nutritional modes are found among prokaryotes! Eukaryotes are not as diverse in their nutritional modes.

Homeostasis - metabolism Nutrition Mode Energy Source Carbon Source Photoautotroph Light CO2 Chemoautotroph Inorganic chem Photoheterotroph Organic chem Chemoheterotroph In eukaryotic homeostasis, we usually abbreviate the mode names because there is so little diversity… Photosynthetic = autotrophic Non-photosynthetic = heterotrophic 4

Eukaryotes What is special about them? How big are their cells? What type of metabolism do they have? Which electron acceptor do they use? What is special about oxygen as an electron acceptor? What do they do poorly?

How Many Kingdoms? Extant 8 Protista appears 5 3 Extinct 2 1 Multicellular Animals Myxozoans Protozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae Chrysophytes Euglenoids Archezoans Archaea Bacteria 8 Protista appears 5 3 Extinct 2 1 Long Time with Prokaryotes only Original Cell

How Many Kingdoms? Extant 8 Protista appears 5 3 Extinct 2 1 Multicellular Animals Myxozoans Protozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae Chrysophytes Euglenoids Archezoans Archaea Bacteria Protista refined 8 Protista appears 5 3 Extinct 2 1 Long Time with Prokaryotes only Original Cell

How would you describe the host cell’s metabolism? Pseudopodia Endosymbiotic bacteria Pelomyxa palustris Free-living in freshwater sediment (microaerophilic) Phagocytosis active Uroid Accumulate glycogen reserves At least 3 species of endosymbiont in each cell…two species are methanogenic archaeons! Glycogen body How would you describe the host cell’s metabolism? Vacuoles Fermentation Only! http://www.btinternet.com/~stephen.durr/pelomyxapalustris.html

How would you describe the metabolism? Photoautotrophic and Chemoheterotrophic! Euglena gracilis Posterior extension Mitochondrion Pyrenoid Nucleus Chloroplasts Paramylon grain http://bio.rutgers.edu/euglena/ Protein pellicle (striations) Contractile vacuole Eyespot Anterior invagination With internal short flagellum Long flagellum rooted here also (not shown) http://www.ac-rennes.fr/pedagogie/svt/photo/microalg/euglena.jpg

How would you describe the parasite’s metabolism? http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/paraav/images/10-16.jpg Trypanosoma gambiense Nucleus Blood-borne parasite member of euglenophyta Flagellum Flagellated undulating cell Vectored by Tsetse fly between alternate hosts Chemical agent causes African sleeping sickness How would you describe the parasite’s metabolism? Chemoheterotrophic! http://niah.naro.affrc.go.jp/disease/fact/image/trypanosoma.jpg

Amoeba proteus A freshwater amoeboid protist Engulfing a Staurastrum green alga Amoeba proteus Food vacuoles Contractile vacuole The pseudopodia assist in locomotion and phagocytosis, but they also secrete proteolytic enzymes to digest particles outside the cell. Nucleus http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/amoebafeeding3.jpg How would you describe the amoeba’s nutritional mode? Chemoheterotrophic! Mitochondria Pseudopodia How would you describe Staurastrum’s nutritional mode? Photoautotrophic and Heteterotrophic!

How would you describe Stentor’s nutritional mode? http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/hoffmangallery/images/stentor.jpg Stentor polymorphus Funnel-shaped protist Cytostome rim is ciliated Food swept into alveolus Cilia Contractile vacuole How would you describe Stentor’s nutritional mode? Chemohetero-trophic! Nucleus Holdfast Micronucleus (2N) Macronucleus (N) replication transcription http://comuredsl.com/fotos/stentor.jpg

Paramecium caudatum A ciliated protist Cell Membrane A ciliated protist Trichocysts Oral groove not shown (on back side) Mitochondrion in cytosol Macronucleus Micronucleus Paramecium bursaria Contractile Vacuoles http://pantransit.reptiles.org/images/1998-05-23/Paramecium.jpg endosymbiont Food Vacuoles http://www.jochemnet.de/fiu/bot4404/BOT4404_1.html Paramecia can be both heterotrophic and autotrophic (at least functionally so)

Trichocysts http://sciences.aum.edu/bi/bi2033/thomson/trichocysts.html http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/protist_menue.html

Ectocarpus siliculosus Marine haploid filamentous thallus with true branching. Produces motile gamete by mitosis in gametangium. gametangium stramenopila-flagellum http://www.biology.lsa.umich.edu/courses/bio458/Ectocarpus.jpg chloroplasts Kingdom Chromista (aka Stramenopila) Obviously both photoautotrophic and chemoheterotrophic! http://www.biologie.uni-erlangen.de/botanik1/photobiologie/images/kap9/abb9-22.JPG

Chemoheterotrophic only! http://www.news.wisc.edu/newsphotos/images/potato_blight_s.jpg A water mold, Phytophthora infestans, was responsible for the potato blight that led to crop failure, starvation, and emigration of the Irish population in the 1840s. Kingdom Chromista http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEG%20files/potato.blight.jpg http://www.plantpath.wisc.edu/wivegdis/images/potatoeb.gif Chemoheterotrophic only!

Porphyridium Cell Wall Cell Membrane Mitochondrion Nucleus Both chemoheterotrophic And photoautotrophic! Nucleus Stellate Chloroplast Floridean Starch Vacuole http://www.bio.mtu.edu/the_wall/phycodisc/RHODOPHYTA/gfx/PORPHYRIDIUM_UNICELL.jpg

Only Photoautotrophic? Plant Cell: mesophyll protoplast (Cell wall was digested off by cellulase) cell membrane import/export chloroplast photosynthesis nucleus transcription replication vacuole toxic waste processing cytosol fermentation glycolysis Only Photoautotrophic? http://www.botany.wisc.edu/images/mesophyll-protoplast_lg.jpg

Calvin cycle (aka “dark” reactions) TEM or SEM? of a Plant or Animal Cell? Aerobic Respiration Krebs cycle (aka TCA cycle, citric acid cycle) Photosynthesis light reactions glycolysis (fermentation) electron transport system oxidative phosphorylation Calvin cycle (aka “dark” reactions) http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/Chloroplast_and_microbodies.jpg

Plant mitochondrion matrix TEM or SEM? outer membrane inner membrane Krebs cycle (aka TCA cycle, citric acid cycle) TEM or SEM? outer membrane inner membrane cristae (mesosomes) electron transport system oxidative phosphorylation http://www.up.ac.za/academic/electron/mito1.htm

Chemoheterotrophic only! Animal Cell: Pancreatic cell http://www.tmd.ac.jp/artsci/biol/textbook/nucleus.gif endoplasmic reticulum internal transport 80S ribosome translation nucleus transcription, replication RNA Chemoheterotrophic only! DNA cytosol glycolysis, fermentation zymogen granule protein storage enzyme secretion mitochondrion Krebs, ETS, ox. phos.

Saccharomyces: yeast from kingdom Fungi? Mitosis nearly complete Cytokinesis via furrowing (budding!) Facultative: Aerobic Respiration with mitochondria Anaerobic Alcoholic Fermentation in cytosol ? Cell wall: chitin not cellulose Chemoheterotrophic only! Has more mitochondria in 3rd dimension…this is a TEM Thin slices miss components…this cell appears to lack mitochondria ! Think 3D… http://www.jhu.edu/iic/Yeast_1.png

How Many Kingdoms? Extant 8 Protista appears 5 3 Extinct 2 1 Multicellular Animals Myxozoans Protozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae Chrysophytes Euglenoids Archezoans Archaebacteria Bacteria Protista refined 8 Protista appears 5 3 Extinct 2 1 Long Time with Prokaryotes only So what is this eukaryotic color code all about? Original Cell