The Circulatory System Anatomy

The Heart w The Pump w As it beats, it forces blood through one- way valves to the entire body.

Arteries w Muscled tubes carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart. w Become smaller the further away they get from the heart. w Most are deep in muscles or protected by bones.

Veins w Muscled tubes carrying blood toward the heart. w Have a series of one-way valves that let blood flow through them. w Become larger as they get closer to the heart.

Capillaries w Microscopic, thin-walled vessels. w Situated between the veins & arteries throughout the body. w Exchange of body nourishment & oxygen occurs here.

Blood w Plasma is the fluid part of blood & consists of nutrients, carbon dioxide, hormones & water. w Plasma equals to 50% of an adult’s total blood supply.

Plasma contains: w Red cells: carry oxygen w White cells: fight disease w Platelets: break down & aid clotting; also repair damaged vessels.

The Determining Criteria in ALL CBD Categories: w Level of consciousness (LOC) w Respiratory distress w Shock- inability to perfuse

Levels of Consciousness w ALERT: Person is awake & aware of surroundings. w VERBAL: Person responds to verbal stimulus only. w PAIN: Patient responds to painful stimulus only. w UNRESPONSIVE: Patient is not arouseable.

Suggested Questions to Ask w “Is the person awake?” w “Have you tried to wake him/her?” w “Does he/she respond to you?”

Respiratory Distress w Not speaking normally - WOB w Working hard to get air. w Pale w Sweaty w Sometimes cyanotic w These people are very sick!

Critical Signs & Symptoms w Anxiety, restlessness w Decreased LOC w Cyanosis w Rapid breathing, tachypnea w Noisy respirations w Labored appearance w Diaphoresis

Non-Critical Signs & Symptoms w Stuffy nose

SHOCK w Inadequate tissue perfusion, or lack of oxygen delivery to body, mainly the major organs.

Symptoms of Shock: w Unable to sit/stand without feeling like they will pass out What is the physiology behind this sign/symptom?

Signs of Shock: w Decreased LOC, leading to unconsciousness w Pale, moist & cool skin w Shallow, rapid breathing w Obvious fluid loss, bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea

Types of Shock: w Hemorrhagic = blood loss w Hypovolemic = large loss of fluids w Anaphylactic = life-threatening allergic reaction to substances w Septic Shock= shock caused by severe infection w Cardiogenic= cardiovascular system failure w Neurogenic= resulting from spinal cord injury

Respiratory System Oxygenates blood and expels waste gasses (carbon dioxide) from the body.

Pharynx w Has 2 passages through which air flows in & out of the body: Oral pharynx Nasal pharynx

Epiglottis w Leaf-shaped mass of cartilage suspended over the larynx w It opens when you breathe, closes when you swallow.

Larynx w The narrowest portion of the adult respiratory passage. w Referred to as the “voice box” because it contains the vocal cords.

Trachea w An air passage, about 4.5” long w Round in shape with cartilage rings around diameter to keep it open w Lining secretes mucous

Bronchi w Trachea divides into the right & left main stem bronchus, one to each lung

Bronchioles  a narrow tube inside the lungs that branches off the main air passages (bronchi) w contribute to the cleansing function of the respiratory system, for they, too, are lined with mucous membranes and ciliated cells that move mucus upward to the pharynx.

Lungs w Where exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide occurs. w Right lung is divided into 3 lobes. w Left lung is divided into 2 lobes.

Alveoli w Microscopic, thin- walled air sacs. w Exchange of gases between air & blood occurs here.

Diaphragm & Rib Muscles w Diaphragm is the major muscle of breathing. w wide muscular partition separating the thoracic, or chest cavity, from the abdominal cavity.

Pleura w The 2 linings on the inside of the chest wall = partial pleura w The lining that covers the outside of the lungs = visceral pleura w In contact with each other w Lubricated by fluid

Identify The Numbered images

Questions?