29 28 Stramenopiles 32 33 31 30

Heterokont Flagellae

Stramenopile Phylogeny Fig. 12.4 in Graham et al. 2008 Aureochrome (Blue-Light Receptor)

Diatoms 1 2 3

Marine, Freshwater

Pelagic Benthic 8 7

Plankton Periphyton 24

Epiphytic 9 Epizoic Endozoic Endophytic Epilithic 11 (Foraminfera)

Ocean Sediments 14

Primary Productivity: 20% of Global Carbon Fixation 13

Diatomaceous Earth 26 27

Amnesiac Shellfish Poisoning (Domoic Acid) 15 Pseudo-nitzschia

Frustule

Silica (SiO2, Silicon Dioxide) 18 19 Abundant in Water Inert to Enzymatic Attack pH buffer; maintains Carbonic Anhydrase Activity

Frustule Components

Valves, Connecting Bands Girdle = Cingulum Fig. 12-16 in Graham and Wilcox 2007

Girdle View Valve View 20 22

Areolae Fig. 12-19 in Graham and Wilcox 2007

Loculate and Poroid Areolae (and Velum) Fig. 12-18 in Graham and Wilcox 2007

STRIAE Fig. 12-20 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

Ocellus: Mucilage Secretion Figs. 12-21, 12-22 in Graham and Wilcox 2007

Tubes: Labiate Processes Fig. 12-14 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

Tubes: Strutted Processes Figs. 12-14, 12-23 in Graham and Wilcox 2007

Forms of Extracellular Mucilage Fig. 13.10 in Lee 1999

Raphe, Central Nodule, Polar Nodules Fig. 13.1 in Lee 1998 Fig. 13.3 in Lee 1999 Fig. 12-25 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

Raphe System Valve View Girdle View Figs. 12-24, 12-26 in Graham and Wilcox 2000 Girdle View

Diatom Structural Diversity ARAPHIC PENNATE CENTRIC RAPHIC PENNATE

Diatom Phylgoeny Fig. 12.14 in Graham et al. 2008

MOTILITY Shuffling (Mucilage) Coordinated Movement (Raphe, Polysaccharide Rods, Mictotubules, Kinesin, Dynein) 39 40

NUTRITION 20

Regulation of Mixotrophy Fig. 12.31 in Graham et al. 2008

Obligate Heterotroph Leucoplast 38 36 Nitzschia alba

Chlorophyll a Fig. 12.5 in Graham et al. 2008 27

Chloroplast Origin 34

Cell Division Silica Deposition Vesicle (Ploidy Level) Silica Deposition Vesicle Fig. 12.23 in Graham et al. 2008 Fig. 12.20 in Graham et al. 2008

Multicellular or Colonial? 41 40 44 Asteroniella Melosira Chaetoceros 45 43 Licmophora Tabellaria Skeletonema 42

Cell Division: McDonald Pfitzer Rule Fig. 12.24 in Graham et al. 2008

(Meiosis, Oogamy, Egg, Sperm, Flagella, Auxospore) Centric Sex (Meiosis, Oogamy, Egg, Sperm, Flagella, Auxospore) Fig. 12.25 in Graham et al. 2008

(Meiosis, Isogamy, Active Gamete, Passive Gamete, Auxospore) Pennate Sex (Meiosis, Isogamy, Active Gamete, Passive Gamete, Auxospore) Fig. 12.26 in Graham et al. 2008

Initiation of Sex Achievement of Minimal Size Environmental Cues

Sexual Behavior Synchronous (Favorable) Synchronous (Unfavorable Conditions) 3) Asynchronous (Favorable) 4) Asynchronous (Unfavorable)

(Resting Cell, Rejuvenated Cells) Dormancy (Resting Cell, Rejuvenated Cells) Fig. 12.29 in Graham et al. 2008

Licmophora

1 http://www.daviddarling.info/images/diatoms.jpg 2 http://www.bhikku.net/archives/03/img/diatoms.JPG 3 http://www.zarzora.com/albums/Great-Sand-Sea/silica.jpg 4 http://mynasadata.larc.nasa.gov/images/upwelling.gif 5 http://library.thinkquest.org/5194/picts/ocean%20map.JPEG 6 http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/graphics/photos0506/ laketurnover.gif 7 http://www.mholmer.biology.sdu.dk/grafik/snapshot/Pelagic% 20trap.JPG 8 http://dept.bio.unipd.it/~casellato/research/foto/benthic1.jpg

9 http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/fishlab/Dhaku/epizoic%20diatom/Falcula %20hyalina/1st%20ante%20em.jpg 11 http://fce.lternet.edu/publications/presentations/FCEslides/images/Slide17.jpg 12 http://www.epa.vic.gov.au/water/coasts/contentpix/shore.jpg 13 http://www.fbs.leeds.ac.uk/gradschool/BCMSc/graphics/wifs.gif 14 http://hjs.geol.uib.no/marinemicro/maps/0-0-2-map-sediments-facies.jpg 15 http://www.arpa.emr.it/daphne/progetto_mare/images/im_ Pseudo_nitzschia_seriata.jpg 16 http://www.astrographics.com/GalleryPrints/Display/GP2131.jpg 17 http://www.ualg.pt/adiac/intro/frustule.GIF 18 http://www.microscope-microscope.org/applications/sand/LakePowell3.jpg

20 http://www.astrographics.com/GalleryPrints/Display/GP2131.jpg 19 http://wwwdelivery.superstock.com/WI/223/1597/PreviewComp/ SuperStock_1597-27246.jpg 20 http://www.astrographics.com/GalleryPrints/Display/GP2131.jpg 21 http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/images/diatom.jpg 22 http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/images/diatom.jpg 23 http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgapr02/db2sa.jpg 24 http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/bioref/Chromista/Vaucheria_epiphytes.jpg 25 http://www.scienceprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/plankton_591.jpg 26 http://courses.bio.psu.edu/fall2005/biol110/tutorials/tutorial30_files/ diatomaceous_earth.jpg 27 http://www.holocaust-history.org/auschwitz/zyklonb/Sample3-diatomaceousearth.jpg 28 http://www.carolina.com/images/en_US//local/products/altview_large/152940_lp.jpg 29 http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/seagrant/GLWL/Protozoa/Ochromonas2.jpg

31 http://www.marlin.ac.uk/imgs/Species/Chromophycota/ o_lamhyp.jpg 32 http://herbarium.biosci.ohio-state.edu/Diatom.jpg 33 http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/images/saprolegnia.jpg 34 http://myweb.dal.ca/jmarchib/pic.secondary-endo.jpg 35 http://www.gpmatthews.nildram.co.uk/microscopes/diatom1x400.JPG 36 http://www.keweenawalgae.mtu.edu/ALGAL_IMAGES/bacillariophyceans/ Nitzschia_jason3_hcp1_402.jpg 37 http://ww1.prweb.com/prfiles/2008/02/18/278946/MeetFucoPolaroid.jpg 38 http://www.21food.com/userImages/qingdaopengyuan/qingdaopengyuan $928171531.jpg 39 http://www.grs.sund.ac.uk/bsrg_website/staffdet.cfm?Staff=8 40 http://arch.ced.berkeley.edu/kap2/php/Hidden_Ecologies/wp-content/uploads/ 2006/08/hh_060822%20newsite-1%20melosira_vg%20056-txt-s.JPG

43 http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/seagrant/GLWL/Algae/Diatoms/Images/ 41 http://www.hsu.edu/uploadedImages/Biology/asterionella.jpg 43 http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/seagrant/GLWL/Algae/Diatoms/Images/ MTUTabellaria_fenestrata.jpg 44 http://www.hib.no/avd_al/naturfag/plankton/english/plankton/plankton-algae/ diatoms/chaetoceros_concavicornis_300.jpg 45 http://www.dnr.state.md.us/bay/cblife/algae/diatom/skeletonema_costatum _large.jpg