Chaos, Communication and Consciousness Module PH19510 Lecture 4 The Dawn of the Electric Age.

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Presentation transcript:

Chaos, Communication and Consciousness Module PH19510 Lecture 4 The Dawn of the Electric Age

Review of Lecture #2 Pre-electronic Communication  Pictographs  Development of the alphabet  Number systems  Printing Transfer of Information  Navigation  Signalling

Communication The dawn of the electric age The Electric Pioneers First messages by wire Development of telegraphy Samuel Morse and his code

Highly Recommended Electric Universe David Bodanis £7.99 ISBN  Aventis prize for popular science How Electrons hold the universe together

Electricity in antiquity Lightning Ancient Greece Thales (600BC) Rubbed Amber with fur  picked up feathers Static electricity “Resinous” vs “Vitreous”

Benjamin Franklin ( ) Printer, scientist, writer, inventor, activist, statesman Static electricity +ve and –ve charge 1752 Proved storm clouds are charged

Luigi Galvani ( ) 1780 Frogs leg Dissimilar metals Static Bioelectricity

Alessandro Volta ( ) Lombary, Italy 1800  Voltaic pile  Battery Zinc/Silver Brine/Cardboard Steady current

The Zinc/Silver Cell Zinc Anode Silver Cathode Zn(s)  Zn 2+ (aq) + 2e - 2H + (aq)+2e -  H 2 (g) ≈0.75 volts/element Ag Zn +ve -ve Cardboard + Brine

1820 – A key year Link between Electricity & Magnetism  HC Ørsted (Denmark)  Compass needle Galvanometer  J Schweigger  Wind wire around compass  Increased sensitivity

Andrè-Marie Ampere ( ) 1820 Formalised EM Theory 1821 Proposed Telegraphy with galvanometers 1 wire per galvanometer 200 ft (60-70m)

Early systems based on galvanometers Schilling 1832 Gauss & Weber 1833 Wheatstone & Cooke  5 Needle Telegraph 1837  Commercial system 1839

William Sturgeon invents the Electromagnet 1825 b Electromagnet  Coil of wire on iron  Uninsulated wire

Joseph Henry ( ) – Electrical signalling at a distance 1827 Improves electromagnet  Many turns of insulated wire 1830 First signalling  Ring bell >1 mile of cable 1837 Electromechanical Relay

The electromechanical relay Switch held open by spring Electromagnet Current flows in electromagnet  magnetic field  switch actuated Current flows in switched circuit

Samuel Morse & Alfred Vail 1838 – First system test Vail developed signalling code 1843 – U.S. congress funds $30,000 for line from Washington to Baltimore – 40 miles (65km) 1844 Line operational  “What hath God wrought”

Morse’s apparatus Paper tape moved by clockwork Electromagnet pulls ‘pendulum’ Marks embossed on paper tape

Paper Tape Output

Morse Code Evolved from Vail’s original Letters & Numbers Punctuation 2 symbols  Dot  Dash Variable length  Frequent letters, shortest codes

Review of Lecture #3 Dawn of the electric age Key technologies  Cells & Batteries  Electromagnet  Relay Use of standardised code