1. TELEGRAPH & TELEPHONE

2. Outline  Visual Telegraphy  Electric Telegraphy  Telegraph Lines  Telephone

3. Visual Telegraphy  Claude Chappe (1763-1805)  Built By Abraham Bruguet (1793)  Clockmaker  Could Have Been Built Earlier (100 Years)  Lacked Telescope  Stations Too Close  First Stations  Menilmontant  Saint-Martin-du-Tertre (21 Miles Away  First Line  Paris to Lille

4. Chappe Semaphore System  Masonry Towers  Wooden “T”  Horizontal Beam (Regulator)  Pivoted On Axis  Jointed Arms (Indicator)  Pivoted On Regulator Ends  Cranks & Ropes  196 Different Positions  Chappe Code - 92 Positions  Diplomatic Dictionary  92 Pages - First Signal  92 Words Per Page - Second Signal  Second Dictionary - Phrases

5.  Slowed Development Of Electric Telegraph  France  Nothing New Technologically  Increased Communication  Calais To Paris  33 Posts, 58 Leagues, 3 Minutes  Toulon To Paris  10 Posts, 200 Leagues, 20 Minutes  Used Extensively In WW I  Still Used - Aircraft Carriers Chappe Semaphore System

6. Electric Telegraphy  Electric Battery  Electromagnetism  First Electric Telegraphs  Relays  Alphabetical Devices  First French Telegraphic Devices  Printing Devices  Morse System  Telegraph Lines  Machinery & Electrical Industry

7. Electric Battery  Telegraph - Electric Current  Continuous  Permanent  Voltaic Pile - Not Satisfactory  Cesar Bequerel (1828)  Two-Fluid Class  J.F. Daniell (1836)  Daniell Cell  Reliable  Contiuous

8. Electromagnetism  Conductor Traversed By Electric Current  Magnetic Needle Moves  Georges-Louis Lesage (1774)  Dischages Of Static Electricity From Leydon Jar  24 Wires For Alphabet  Underground - Conductors Insulated By Glass  Ampere (1820)  Deviation Of Magnetic Needle

9. Electromagnetism (Continued)  Baron Schilling (1832)  Six Indicators & Six Wires  Black Side & White Side  Two Additional Wires  Call Signs  Return Current  Carl-August von Steinheil  Single Circuit (1827)  Return Current Through Ground (1828)

10. First Electric Telegraphs  Euston & Camden In London (1837)  40 Years After Chappe  1 Mile Long  Sir William F. Cooke (1806-1879)  Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875)  Five Needles & Circuits With Six Wires  Wheatstone & Clarke (1842)  Two Needle Instrument  Alexander Bain (1843)  Single Needle Instrument

11. Five Needle Telegraph By W & C  Wheatstone & Cooke (1837)  Top  Receiver  Bottom  Transmitter

12. Local Circuit Of W & C Telegraph  Left - Relay  Right - Calling Device

13. Transmitting-Receiving Post  Built By Wheatstone & Clarke (1842)  Two Needle Instrument  Right  Transmitters & Connections  Left  General View

14. First Electric Telegraphs  Electromagnet (1820s)  Ampere & Arago  Coarse Wires With Few Coils  Inappropriate For Operation Over Long Distances  Took 20 Years To Be Adopted In Telegraph  Telegraphic Devices  Alphabetical Telegraph  Electric Telegraph With Chappe Signals  Morse System

15. Relays  Wheatstone (1837)  Electrochemical  Close Circuit From A Distance  “U” Shaped Tube  Acidulated Water & Mercury  Current Causes Hydrogen To Be Liberated  Pressure Cause Mercury To Close Circuit Of Sounding Device

16. Relays  Wheatstone (1839)  Close Circuit From A Distance  Needle In Center Of Frame  Fork Shaped Contact At One End  Current Caused Fork To Plunge Into Containers Of Mercury  Closed Local Circuit

17. Alphabetical Devices  Wheatstone & Cooke  Clock Movement At Each Post  Pointer Turned In Jerks  Many Variations  Replaced Needle Devices

18. First French Telegraphic Devices  Louis Breguet (1844)  Same Concept As Wheatstone  2 Needles - Chappe System  Escapement  Right - Transmitter  Left - Receiver

19.  Keyboard Sender  Gustave Froment (1845)  Replaced Crank Sender Of Breguet’s First French Telegraphic Devices

20. Printing Devices  Wheatstone  Replaced Dial And Pointer On Alphabetical  24 Radiating Arms With Letter Engraved  Hammer Presses On Recording Cylinder  Separate Control Circuit  John W. Brett (1805-1863)  Modified Keyboard Idea Of Froment

21. Printing Devices  David E. Hughes (1831- 1900)  Best Idea  Synchonized  Transmitter  Receiver

22. Morse System  Samuel F. B. Morse (1791-1872)  Painter Turned Physicist & Mechanic  Modern Day da Vinci  Numerous Biographies  Electromagnet With An Armature Holding A Stylus  Left Long & Short Marks On Paper As It Unrolled  Tried Ink & Pencil  Decided On Rod That Embossed Paper  Lacked Experience In Making Electromagnets  Studied Works Of Joseph Henry (1797-1878)  First Electromagnet Was 2’ High

23. Morse System  Simplicity  Make Signal With A Simple Mechanical Device  Similar Movements  Transmitter  Receiver  Single Code With 2 Elements  Short & Long Signals  Combinations Of 4 Signals  Every Letter Of Alphabet  1 2 + 2 2 + 3 2 + 4 2 = 2 + 4 + 9 + 16 = 31  Similarities & Symmetry

24. Morse System  Manual Transmitter  Right - Flexible Blade (First Model)  Left - Jointed Lever Type With Reversing Spring

25.  Perfected Morse System (1845)  Diagram Of Connections  Baltimore To Washington (1845)  Adopted Throughout Europe (Beginning 1846)  International Communication (1854) Morse System

26. Telegraph Lines  Success Of Telegraph Depended On:  Transmitting & Receiving Devices  Batteries  Transmission Lines  First Lines  Iron Wires - Poor Results  Copper Wires - Tempted Thieves  Underground  Covered With Cotton & Pitch  Insulating Wires In Suspension

27. Telegraph Lines  Ring Insulator (1845)  Insulator With Tension Devices (1845)  Porcelein Insulator (1860)

28.  Telegraph Produced Numerous Inventions  Lightning Rods  Cummutators, Relays, Sound Devices, Galvanometers, Measuring Instruments  Telephone  New Occupations  Physicists To Electrical Engineering  First High Tech Occupation In The West Machinery & Electrical Industry

29.  Pixii (1832)  Magnetoelectric Motor  Froment (1844)  Electric Generators  Shown - Froment  8 Soft Iron Hubs  4 Elctromagnets  Adapted (1855)  Power Clocks In Telegraph Machines

30. Telephone  Robert Hooke (1635-1703)  “Tis not impossible to hear a whisper a furlong’s distance, it having already been done; and perhaps the nature of the thing would not make it more impossible though that furlong should be ten times multiplied”  J. Philipp Reis (1834-1874)  First Practical Electric Telephone (1861)  Just A Toy

31. Telephone  1876  Alexander Graham Bell - Awarded Patent  Based On Hermann Helmholtz’s Work  Elisha Gray - Superior Design  Alexander Graham Bell  Teacher Of Deaf  Used No External Power Source  Still Can Be Used For Short Distances  Transmitter & Receiver Nearly Identical  Electromagnetic Microphone