Diagnostic Techniques Seeking the message from illness 76 楊捷宇 80 劉怡君 88 蔡昕育 94 謝承恩

Diagnosis in Medieval Time Main methods: analyzing the patient’s blood and urine

Blood examination Smell Warmth Texture Taste the strength of the flow of blood →trying to discern imbalances or impurities in the blood

Uroscopy (examining the appearance of urine) color reddish urine: internal bleeding texture watery or thick and greasy? sediment or solid in the urine gritty precipitate: kidney stone smell jordan the glass containers for the patients’ urine became a symbol for the medical profession

Other diagnostic technique examine a patient’s stool identify illnesses by the strength and rapidity of the patient’s pulse astrological charts and calendars determine the nature and likely duration and outcome of the illness based upon the date of its onset As a result, medieval physicians had small booklets containing calendars, urine color charts and other information

The modern diagnosis about blood and urine Equipment improvement Light microscopy Electron microscopy Immunohistological examination Cytological examination

Urinalysis Macroscopic urinalysis -- color, texture, etc (as past) Urine chemical analysis --PH, specific gravity, protein, glucose, etc Microscopic urinalysis --RBC, WBC, bacteria, yeast, crystal, etc

Three urine samples are shown. The one at the left shows a red, cloudy appearance. The one in the center is red but clear. The one on the right is yellow, but cloudy. Macroscopic urinalysis

Microscopic urinalysis These white blood cells in urine have lobed nuclei and refractile cytoplasmic granules.

Blood examination Full Blood Count --spreading a small sample of blood over a slide and examining the cells under microscopy. haemoglobin concentration red blood cell count blood volume packed cell volume leucocyte count platelet count.

Blood normal blood bad

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Hemaglutinin 紅血球凝集素 Sinus 鼻竇

Influenza Diagnosis Influenza is more likely to cause fever, coughing, chills and muscle aches More seasonal than colds, tending to occur during winter months Blood tests Examining material from your nose and throat

Laboratory Evaluation Direct staining of respiratory specimens (using monoclonal antibodies (Mab) to influenza A and B) Isolation of the virus in cell culture with confirmation by Mab staining Detection by nucleic acid testing, including polymerase chain reaction test Demonstration of seroconversion

The Ancient Diagnostic System Something about Qi Feeling the pulsation Observation of the complexion,smell and posture of the patients Ten asks

Pulse Diagnosis Six different pulses on each wrist Three superficial and three deep pulses Different pulse represents different condition Pulsation and cold( flu)