1. Urinalysis By Elkhedir Elgorashi Elkhedir Elgorashi Lecturer Immunology M Sc, MLT, MT(MOH)

2. Material Requirement - Microscope - Centrifuge - Slides and cover slides - Centrifuge tubes 15 ml - Urine tube - Urine strips - Gloves

3. Urine strips

4. Procedure ( Sample preparation) 1.Obtain fresh urine sample from midstream urine. 2.Centrifuge 10-15 ml at 1500 to 3000 rpm for 5 minutes 3.Decant supernatant and resuspend remainder of urine 4.Place 1 drop of urine on slide and apply cover slip 5.Examine under microscope at 10 x.

5. Introduction Medical Important Urinalysis can reveal diseases. include diabetes mellitus, various forms of glomerulonephritis, and chronic urinary tract infections.

6. Introduction The first part of a urinalysis is direct visual observation. Normal, fresh urine is pale to dark yellow or amber in color and clear. Normal urine volume is 750 to 2000 ml/24hr.

7. Analysis MacroMicro Urinalysis can be either Macro or Micro examine Macro examine done by eye and Micro examine done under microscope.

8. Macroscopic examine Include pH, Protein, Specific gravity Ketone, Color, Glucose Urobilinogen, Bilirubin, Blood, Nitrate

9. pH Normal pH urine from 6 to 7.4.

10. Specific Gravity Specific gravity (which is directly proportional to urine osmolality which measures solute concentration) measures urine density, or the ability of the kidney to concentrate or dilute the urine over that of plasma. Most laboratories measure specific gravity with a refractometer. Specific gravity between 1.002 and 1.035 on a random sample.

11. Protein Normal total protein excretion does not usually exceed 150 mg/24 hours or 10 mg/100 ml in any single specimen. More than 150 mg/day is defined as proteinuria. Proteinuria > 3.5 gm/24 hours is severe and known as nephrotic syndrome.

12. Glucose Less than 0.1% of glucose normally filtered by the glomerulus appears in urine (< 130 mg/24 hrs). Glycosuria (excess sugar in urine) generally means diabetes mellitus.

13. Ketones Ketones (acetone, aceotacetic acid, beta- hydroxybutyric acid) resulting from either diabetic ketosis or some other form of calorie deprivation (starvation).

14. Nitrite A positive nitrite test indicates that bacteria may be present in significant numbers in urine.

15. Bilirubin RBCs normally destroyed in spleen when they get old or damaged. This releases hemoglobin Bilirubin is the yellow breakdown product of normal Hemoglobin, which consists of Hem/globin. Heme catabolism.

16. Microscopic examine Micro examine of urine include presences of 1- Cells; 2- Cast; 3- Crystal 4- Parasites, Bacteria or Yeast.

17. Cells; Three cell types

18. Cast

19. Crystals

20. Thanks Presentation end