-Congenital abnormalities -Cysts -Endocrine changes

 Cause/etiology  The failure of cartilage to stiffen with development  Population with high risk  Neonate

 Location  Epiglottis  Be too pliabe and collapes into the airway  Typical symptoms  Stridor （喘鸣）  Evident at birth or within the first few hours or days of life  No hoaseness  Dyspnea （呼吸困难）  In severe condition

 Examinations  Transnasal fiberoptic laryngoscopy  Direct laryngoscope  Big and pliable or curly epiglottis  No stridor after moving epiglottis

 Treatments  Mild to moderate  outgrow laryngomalacia by 18 months  Severe  Supraglottoplasty （声门上成形术）  tracheostomy （气管切开术）

 Definition  A lumen 4.0 mm in diameter or less at the level of the cricoid cartilage  Cause/etiology  Congenital – embryological development  Cricoid cartilage  The conus elasticus （弹性圆锥）  Acquired  endotracheal intubation  Scarring  Hypertrophy

 Population with high risk  Neonate  Typical symptoms - In severe condition  Dyspnea （呼吸困难）  Stridor  Exercise intolerance

 Treatments (stenosis grading)  Grade 1 to 2  careful observation  Grade 3 to 4  Endoscopic or surgical intervention  Voice therapy to followed

 Definition  TEF are opennnings that occur between the esophagus and trachea  Cause/etiology  Vascular compromise to developing esophagus

 Typical symptoms  Gastric distention  Direct tracheal aspiration  Reduced diaphragmatic excusion  Treatments (stenosis grading)  surgical intervention  Voice and therapy to followed

 Cause/etiology  Abnormal blockage of the ductal system of laryngeal mucous glands  Congenital  Acquired  Location  Vocal folds – inner margin, superior or inferior surface  Ventricular folds - anywhere  Unilateral

 Typical symptoms  Low vocal quality - hoarseness  Breathness  Lower pitch  Increased aperiodicity  Examinations  Fiberoptic laryngoscopy  Stroboscopy  Biopsy

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 Typical symptoms – before 4-5 days before menstruation in 33% of women  Vocal fatigue  Reduced pitch range  Hypophonia  Loss of certain harmonics

 Videostroboscopic examination  Congestion 充血  Microvaries  VF thickening  Reduced vibratory amplitude  Treatment  Oral contraceptive pills

 Typical symptoms