Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (8th Ed) Chapter 6 & 7 Perception & Consciousness (Unit 7- only do cards for chapter 7)

Chapter 6 Must know! By the end of this chapter be able to address the following: You have been asked to paint a picture that includes buildings, fields, a river, and a mountain. Describe how you would use at least five monocular cues to give your painting a sense of depth.

Perception zSelective Attention focus of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

Testing Selective Attention

Perceptual Illusions

Perceptual Organization- Gestalt zVisual Capture ytendency for vision to dominate the other senses zGrouping ythe perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

Perceptual Organization- Gestalt zGestalt- an organized whole ytendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes zGrouping Principles yproximity- group nearby figures together ysimilarity- group figures that are similar ycontinuity- perceive continuous patterns yclosure- fill in gaps yconnectedness- spots, lines and areas are seen as unit when connected

Perceptual Organization zFigure and Ground organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)

PerceptualOrganization- Grouping Principles

zGestalt grouping principles are at work here.

Perceptual Organization- Illusory Contours

Perceptual Organization- Depth Perception zDepth Perception yability to see objects in three dimensions yallows us to judge distance zBinocular cues yretinal disparity ximages from the two eyes differ xcloser the object, the larger the disparity yconvergence xneuromuscular cue xtwo eyes move inward for near objects

Perceptual Organization- Depth Perception Visual Cliff End day 1

Perceptual Organization- Depth Perception zMonocular Cues yrelative size xsmaller image is more distant yinterposition xcloser object blocks distant object yrelative clarity xhazy object seen as more distant ytexture coarse --> close fine --> distant

Perceptual Organization- Depth Perception Relative Size

Perceptual Organization- Depth Perception

zMonocular Cues (cont.) yrelative height xhigher objects seen as more distant yrelative motion xcloser objects seem to move faster ylinear perspective xparallel lines converge with distance yrelative brightness xcloser objects appear brighter

Perceptual Organization- Depth Perception Perspective Techniques

Perceptual Constancy zPerceptual Constancy yperceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal image xcolor xshape xsize

Perceptual Organization

Perceptual Organization- Muller-Lyer Illusion

Perceptual Organization- Size-Distance Relationship

Perceptual Organization- Brightness Contrast

Sensory Restriction- Blakemore & Cooper, 1970 zKittens raised without exposure to horizontal lines later had difficulty perceiving horizontal bars.

Perceptual Interpretation zPerceptual Adaptation y(vision) ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field xprism glasses zPerceptual Set ya mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

Perceptual Set- Schemas zWhat you see in the centeris influenced byperceptual set

Perceptual Set- Schemas Flying Saucers or Clouds? End day 2

Perceptual Set- Human Factors

Actual descent path Pilot’s perceived descent path Altitude looks this much higher Distance from runway (miles) Altitude (thousands of feet)

Perception without Sensation? “Paranormal” zExtrasensory Perception ycontroversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input xTelepathy- mind to mind xClairvoyance- remote events xPrecognition- see into future zParapsychology ythe study of paranormal phenomena xESP- perception can occur without the senses xPsychokinesis- mind over matter, bending spoons

Count the F’s zTry this test. Don't cheat. You will only cheat yourself. zIt is a quick test. It is a lot of fun. And, I promise, there are no "tricks" to the test. Read this sentence: Finished files are the result of years of scientific study combined with the experience of years... zNow count the F's in that sentence. Count them only once, only once: do not go back and count them again. zAfter you are done, scroll down to see the answer.

Answer: There are six F's in the sentence. The "average" person finds three. There is no catch. Many people do not see the Fs in the word "OF". It has been argued that the human brain tends to see them as Vs and not Fs.

If you watch the above images from your seat in front of the computer, Mr.Angry is on the left, and Mrs.Calm is on the right. Get up from your seat, and move back about eight feet!! They switch places!! I believe this illusion was created by Phillippe G. Schyns and Aude Oliva of the. This proves that we may not be seeing what's actually there, all the time!! I do not know how they generated this fascinating image, and I believe no-one else is able to generate anything similar in Photoshop. I know it has something to do with "low-pass" and "high-pass" filters, but the details??

Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.

Or rather... According to a researcher (sic) at Cambridge University, it doesn't matter in what order the letters in a word are, the only important thing is that the first and last letter be at the right place. The rest can be a total mess and you can still read it without problem. This is because the human mind does not read every letter by itself but the word as a whole.

Other languages: My colleagues and I are also aware of versions in Spanish and French which I've appended below. There are, no doubt, versions in many other languages as well. If you know of any others let me know and I'll add them to the list. I would be especially interested by versions of this text in languages that (to my knowledge, at least) work very differently in their written form from English. For example:know 1) semitic languages (such as Hebrew or Arabic) where vowels tend not to be written in text 2) agglutanative languages (like Finnish or Turkish) where words are dramatically longer than in English 3) languages such as Thai which do not (conventionally) put spaces between words 4) logographic languages such as Chinese in which complex symbols represent a whole word or concept.

Perceptual Set Problems MACDONALD MACHENRY MACMAHON MACHINERY TIME FLIES I CANT THEYRE TOO FAST

Perceptual Set Problems CHO PHO USE SALLY SAYS HER FATHER AND GRANDFATHER ARE BOTH 50 TODAY??? LULB,CALEM,NUKKS,SEUMO, BAZER, EAP. NORC, NOONI, MATOOT, PREPPE, TEBE, EAP. FOLK, CROAK, SOAK…

Perceptual SET/ ESP FLORIST’S SON, CANDY STORE OWNER’S DAUGHTER, LIQUOR STORE OWNER’S SON ALL BRING PRESENTS TO THE KINDERGARTEN TEACHER FOR CHRISTMAS. 1-10, MULTIPLY BY 9, ADD TOGETHER, SUBTRACT 5, CORRESPONDING LETTER IN ALPHABET- GREY ELEPHANT FROM DENMARK

Perceptual Set Problems What number comes next? 32… (33) 73… (74) 373… (374) 2624… (2625) 4099… (4100) Thank you Mr. H

PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION FORM PERCEPTION Figure and Ground Grouping: Gestalt Principles Proximity Similarity Continuity Closure Connectedness DEPTH PERCEPTION Binocular Cues Retinal disparity Convergence Monocular Cues Interposition Relative size Relative clarity Texture gradient Relative height Relative motion Linear perspective Light and shadow MOTION PERCEPTION Phi Phenomenon PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY Shape Constancy Size Constancy Brightness Constancy Color Constancy