Hydrogen  Hydrogen ( / ˈ ha ɪ dr ɵ d ʒɨ n/ HY -drə- jin) [4] is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. With an average atomic weight of u ( u for Hydrogen-1), hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant chemical element, constituting roughly 75% of the Universe's chemical elemental mass. [5] Stars in the main sequence are mainly composed of hydrogen in its plasma state. Naturally occurring elemental hydrogen is relatively rare on Earth. / ˈ ha ɪ dr ɵ d ʒɨ n/ HY -drə- jin [4]chemical elementatomic numbersymbolatomic weightu Hydrogen-1most abundant [5]Starsmain sequenceplasma/ ˈ ha ɪ dr ɵ d ʒɨ n/ HY -drə- jin [4]chemical elementatomic numbersymbolatomic weightu Hydrogen-1most abundant [5]Starsmain sequenceplasma

Copper  Copper ( / ˈ k ɒ pər/ KOP -ər) is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from Latin: cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and malleable; an exposed surface has a reddish-orange tarnish. It is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, a building material, and a constituent of various metal alloys. / ˈ k ɒ pər/ KOP -ərchemical elementLatinatomic numberductilethermalelectrical conductivityalloys/ ˈ k ɒ pər/ KOP -ərchemical elementLatinatomic numberductilethermalelectrical conductivityalloys  The metal and its alloys have been used for thousands of years. In the Roman era, copper was principally mined on Cyprus, hence the origin of the name of the metal as сyprium (metal of Cyprus), later shortened to сuprum. Its compounds are commonly encountered as copper(II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to minerals such as turquoise and have been widely used historically as pigments. Architectural structures built with copper corrode to give green verdigris (or patina). Decorative art prominently features copper, both by itself and as part of pigments. its alloysCyprusturquoiseverdigrispatinaDecorative artits alloysCyprusturquoiseverdigrispatinaDecorative art  Copper(II) ions are water-soluble, where they function at low concentration as bacteriostatic substances, fungicides, and wood preservatives. In sufficient amounts, they are poisonous to higher organisms; at lower concentrations it is an essential trace nutrient to all higher plant and animal life. The main areas where copper is found in animals are tissues, liver, muscle and bone. bacteriostatic substancesfungicidesnutrienthigher plantbacteriostatic substancesfungicidesnutrienthigher plant

Ununpentium  Ununpentium is the temporary name of a synthetic superheavy element in the periodic table that has the temporary symbol Uup and has the atomic number 115. syntheticsuperheavy elementperiodic tableatomic numbersyntheticsuperheavy elementperiodic tableatomic number  It is placed as the heaviest member of group 15 (VA) although a sufficiently stable isotope is not known at this time that would allow chemical experiments to confirm its position. It was first observed in 2003 and only about 30 atoms of ununpentium have been synthesized to date, with just 4 direct decays of the parent element having been detected. Four consecutive isotopes are currently known, 287–290 Uup, with 289 Uup having the longest measured half-life of ~220 ms. [1] half-life [1]half-life [1]

Helium Helium ( / ˈ hi ː liəm/ HEE -lee-əm) is the chemical element with atomic number 2 and an atomic weight of , which is represented by the symbol He. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling and melting points are the lowest among the elements and it exists only as a gas except in extreme conditions. Next to hydrogen, it is the second most abundant element in the universe and accounts for 24% of the elemental mass of our galaxy. Helium ( / ˈ hi ː liəm/ HEE -lee-əm) is the chemical element with atomic number 2 and an atomic weight of , which is represented by the symbol He. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling and melting points are the lowest among the elements and it exists only as a gas except in extreme conditions. Next to hydrogen, it is the second most abundant element in the universe and accounts for 24% of the elemental mass of our galaxy./ ˈ hi ː liəm/ HEE -lee-əmchemical elementatomic numbersymbolinertmonatomicgasnoble gasperiodic tableboilingmeltinghydrogenabundant element/ ˈ hi ː liəm/ HEE -lee-əmchemical elementatomic numbersymbolinertmonatomicgasnoble gasperiodic tableboilingmeltinghydrogenabundant element  An unknown yellow spectral line signature in sunlight was first observed during a solar eclipse in 1868 by French astronomer Jules Janssen. Janssen is jointly credited with the discovery of the element with Norman Lockyer, who observed the same eclipse and was the first to propose that the line was due to a new element, which he named helium. In 1903, large reserves of helium were found in natural gas fields in parts of the United States, which is by far the largest supplier of the gas. spectral linesolar eclipse in 1868Jules Janssendiscovery of the elementNorman Lockyernatural gas fieldsspectral linesolar eclipse in 1868Jules Janssendiscovery of the elementNorman Lockyernatural gas fields  Helium is used in cryogenics (its largest single use, absorbing about a quarter of production), particularly in the cooling of superconducting magnets, with the main commercial application being inMRI scanners. Helium's other industrial uses- as a pressurizing and purge gas, as a protective atmosphere for arc welding and in processes such as growing crystals to make silicon wafers- account for half of the gas produced. A well-known but minor use is as a lifting gas in balloons and airships. [2] As with any gas with differing density from air, inhaling a small volume of helium temporarily changes the timbre and quality of the human voice. In scientific research, the behavior of the two fluid phases of helium-4 (helium I and helium II), is important to researchers studyingquantum mechanics (in particular the property of superfluidity) and to those looking at the phenomena, such as superconductivity, that temperatures near absolute zero produce in matter. Helium is the second lightest element and is the second most abundant in the observable universe, being present in the universe in masses more than 12 times those of all the heavier elements combined. Its abundance is similar to this figure in our own Sun and in Jupiter. This is due to the very high binding energy (per nucleon) of helium-4 with respect to the next three elements after helium (lithium, beryllium, and boron). This helium-4 binding energy also accounts for its commonality as a product in both nuclear fusion and radioactive decay. Most helium in the universe is helium-4, and is believed to have been formed during the Big Bang. Some new helium is being created currently as a result of the nuclear fusion of hydrogen in stars greater than 0.5 solar masses. cryogenicssuperconducting magnetsMRIarc weldingsilicon wafersairships [2]quantum mechanicssuperfluiditysuperconductivityabsolute zeromatterabundantuniverseSunJupiternucleonlithiumberylliumboronBig Bangnuclear fusioncryogenicssuperconducting magnetsMRIarc weldingsilicon wafersairships [2]quantum mechanicssuperfluiditysuperconductivityabsolute zeromatterabundantuniverseSunJupiternucleonlithiumberylliumboronBig Bangnuclear fusion  On Earth, the lightness of helium has caused its evaporation from the gas and dust cloud from which the planet condensed, [citation needed] and it is thus relatively rare— % by volume in the atmosphere. Most terrestrial helium present today is created by the natural radioactive decay of heavy radioactive elements (thorium and uranium), as the alpha particles emitted by such decays consist of helium-4 nuclei. This radiogenic helium is trapped with natural gas in concentrations up to 7% by volume, from which it is extracted commercially by a low- temperature separation process called fractional distillation. citation neededradioactive decaythoriumuraniumalpha particlesnucleiradiogenicnatural gasfractional distillationcitation neededradioactive decaythoriumuraniumalpha particlesnucleiradiogenicnatural gasfractional distillation

Potassium  Potassium ( /p ɵˈ tæsiəm/ po- TAS -ee-əm) is the chemical element with the symbol K (from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number 19. Elemental potassium is a soft silvery-white alkali metal thatoxidizes rapidly in air and is very reactive with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite the hydrogen emitted in the reaction. /p ɵˈ tæsiəm/po- TAS -ee-əmchemical elementNeo-Latinatomic numberalkali metaloxidizesairwater/p ɵˈ tæsiəm/po- TAS -ee-əmchemical elementNeo-Latinatomic numberalkali metaloxidizesairwater  Potassium and sodium are alkali metals and are chemically very similar. For this reason it took a long time before their salts were differentiated. They were suspected to be different elements within their salts after 1702, and this was proven in 1807 when potassium and sodium were individually isolated from different salts by electrolysis. Potassium in nature occurs only in ionic salts. As such, it is found dissolved in seawater (which is 0.04% potassium by weight), and as part of many minerals. sodiumchemicallyelectrolysisseawatermineralssodiumchemicallyelectrolysisseawaterminerals  Most industrial chemical applications of potassium employ the relatively high solubility in water of potassium compounds, such as potassium soaps. Potassium metal has only a few special applications, being replaced in most chemical reactions with sodium metal. soaps  Potassium ion is necessary for the function of all living cells. Potassium ion diffusion is a key mechanism in nerve transmission, and potassium depletion in animals, including humans, results in various cardiac dysfunctions. Potassium is found in especially high concentrations within plant cells, and in a mixed diet, it is mostly concentrated in fruits. The high concentration of potassium in plants, associated with comparatively low amounts of sodium there, historically resulted in potassium first being isolated from potash, the ashes of plants, giving the element its name. Heavy crop production rapidly depletes soils of potassium, and agricultural fertilizers consume 95% of global potassium chemical production. [1] potash [1]potash [1]