Investments in Indonesia Neocolonialism and destruction of small-scale economy

Poor people are fighting over charity of $US 3 before Idul Fitri

21 people died in the distribution of Zakat before Idul Fitri in East Java province

distribution of charity in moments close to 2009 presidential election

People queued for cash transfers of Rp 100,000 / family/month

palm desert in Kalimantan

Newmont is the richest gold mining company in the world

Queuing to get fuel

Judicial Review of Investment Law

Violence against civilians in Papua, at Freeport's mining site

Eviction of small traders and street vendors to be replaced by malls and modern shopping centers

Protest against beef import (2009)

Colonialism large-scale land ownership by big capitalists, especially foreign capital exploitation of natural resources intensively for export purposes the mobilization of cheap labor through the labor market flexibility.

Investment History Mercantilism ( ) ; through VOC, the biggest trading company in Dutch, Nusantara (Now Indonesia) had been rough colonialized. Slavery (rodi), cultivation, which mobilized worker under pressure, in order to supply spices to Europe. Liberal Colonialism ( ); the participation of foreign investment to companies in Indonesia which cover : agriculture, plantation, mining and refinery sector. The resources are mobilized to developed countries in Europe in purpose of industrialization. Indonesian people have been in the crisis situation. The teritorry of Indonesia including Java and Sumatra become primary source, while areas outside of Java are only of administrative power. Neocolonialism ( ) ; right now, the foreign investment is controlling all over Indonesia ; Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan and Sulawesi, also including small island. The foreign investment has covered all sectors : agriculture, plantation, mineral mining, and coal mining, oil and trade, finance and services. The development of Indonesias policy about investment in line with the need of developed countries for raw materials and the market for surplus of production. The act No.1, 1967 about the foreign investment, then act No. 5, 1967 about forestry and act No.11, 1967 about mining, start exploitation of forest and mining in Indonesia by foreign capital in big scale.

Incentives for investment The Law no about investment in Indonesia gives facility and incentive to the bigger investment especially in foreign capital. Investment is practiced based on equal treatment with no differentiate to the origin Country. All kinds of trading are open to the investment, excluding some sectors that are not important to Indonesia economy. The investment giving the incentive tax like income taxes, fiscal taxes for capital, engine, or equipment, the free tax for raw material, value add tax, the acceleration of amortisation and property tax. The investors can flow the asset into another party according to the term and condition of law. The investor had a right to transfer and repatriate on the foreign exchange. Service and or right license for land by foreign party on the long term (95 years) is very investor-friendly in Indonesia. In fact, the previous law gives only 70 years.

Biggest investment NoCountry investment (USD million)Percentage 1US344141,28% 2Japan154318,51% 3European Union154318,51% 4China2292,75% 5Korea2392,87% 6Singapore7418,89% 7Australia560,67% Total Investasi833693,47% Indonesia Central Bank, 2006

Amount of Indonesia debts (millions of USD) yearsGovernmentPrivateTOTAL ,91666,777141, ,37861,696133, ,66156,682131, ,66653,735135, ,72554,299137, ,07250,58130, ,80952,927128, ,60956,032136, ,57662,565149,141 Source : Bank Indonesia, 2009

Foreign Capital Domination The statistic data shows that the investment in Indonesia runs into significant decrease in the last 10 year. Foreign capital becomes dominant in the structure of Indonesias investment. The amount of foreign capital is % from the total investment in The investment in Indonesia includes all economic sectors; agriculture, plantation, forestry, oil and gas mining and mineral mining. Over 85% the investment of oil and gas, 100% mineral mining and 70% coal and over a half of plantation investment are controlled by foreign capital.

Distribution of mining concessions

Control of land by investment No.The effectivenessTotal area (million ha) 1.Oil and gas contract Work contract (minerals)6.47 3Minerals contract7.67 4Coal exploitation (coal right by Local Government) Coal contract (KKB/ PKP2B by Central Government)5.2 6 Rights to control forest (HPH) natural27.72 Forest for Industrial Cultivation3.4 7National Plantation *3.3 8Private Plantation*1.08 Total Total of Land area192,26 Sources : the data process from all sources, 2005 * Data year 2003

Agricultural Production Land for Peasants YearSupporting Land for Agricultural Production Rice areaGrowthProductionGrowth (millions of hectare) % (thousands of ton)% ,61, , ,1-3, , ,75, , , , ,5-0, , ,50, ,5-0, , ,93, , ,8-0, ,1 source : Statistic 2007

Natural Resource Exploitation Plantation sector ; Indonesia is the worlds biggest production of seeds number 6, tea biggest production no.6, coffee biggest production no 4, chocolate on number 4 biggest production and number 1 CPO production, white pepper number 1, black pepper number 2, nutmeg number 1, natural rubber number 2, synthetic rubber number no.4, plywood number 1 and fish produce number 6 in the world. Oil and gas mining sector, Indonesia is among the 20 worlds oil producing country compared to the Asia Oceania, Afrika in Also, Indonesia is 10th gas produce country in the world (after Rusia, Afrika, US, Canada, Algeria, UK, Norway, Montenegro, Netherlands). In the 2008, Indonesia is on 7th gas exporting country in the world. Besides, Indonesia is the 20th crude oil producing country in the world (2005). Indonesia is at the 7th rank on the coal produce in the world. Second order in terms of coal exports in the world after Australia. Mineral mining sector ; Indonesia is 7th worlds bauxite production. 2nd world copper produce and 6th gold produce, 3rd world nickel produce, 11th silver produce, 2nd tin worlds produce right after China.

Oil production by company 2005 Sumber : US Embassy, Tahun 2005

Gas Production by company 2005 Sumber : US Embassy, Tahun 2005

crude and condensate exports by country Source : ESDM, 2007

Gas Export By Countries 2005

Coal Export By Country

Gross Domestic Product of Indonesia YearAnnual Amount ,732, , , , , , , , , ,00

GDP and Consumption Indonesias GDP is contributed by the big consumption, foreign investment, and government expenditure and netto export, a half of which come from natural resources such as ; oil and gas, mineral, coal and plantation commodities. The consumption supports over 70% of Indonesias GDP, which are ; mass consumption, government and companys consumption The value of Indonesian oil consumption in 2007 was 2,285, rupiahs per capita per month (total of Indonesian population reached 220 million people). Thus oil consumption equals to 72 percent of per capita food consumption in Indonesia.

High Cost Economic Oil Consumption (PSO) Oil 2007 quantityPrice/LitreValue (kilo liter)(Rp.) Premium Kerosene Solar Sub Total Non PSO Premium Kerosene Solar Sub Total Total

poverty

Unemployment Structure of Labour Labors composition Formal SectorInformal SectorTotal 36,073,00059,104,10295,177,102 37,90%62,09% 100 % Formal Sector Labor Non-provertyProvertyTotal 19,291,00016,782,00036,073, ,48%46,52%100%

FDI and Employment The number of labors in all kinds of foreign investments are 608 thousand people, and of the domestic investment are 364 thousand people or just 1% from 94 billion of labor in all kinds of economic sector in the year of Most of labors in informal sector which doesnt have relation with the investment in Indonesia. From the total of 95,117 million labor in Indonesia 2006 in all kinds of economic sector, 59,104 million work on the informal sector or almost 62,09% from the total employed.

Conclusion Indonesias Position on the chain of global trade has not been moved since 200 years ago. This country is the source of mineral, gas, and plantation in order to support industry in the developed country. On the other hand, domestic economy moves into de industrialization. The entrance of big scale investment makes threat to the livelihoods of farmers. The case study held by IGJ relate to the mining investments of Newmont Corporation, Lombok Tourism Development Corporation and the making of Special Economic Zone Batam, show that big scale of investment causes taking over of farmers land areas, taking of natural resources and taking the benefit by foreign capital and ecological impact and social conflict. Large scale of investment makes the access of community vanish to the natural resources especially the productivity of community decrease. As a result, Indonesia becomes importer of food such as : rice, soybean, meat, milk, wheat, sugar, salt on the big amount. Before that case, this food products can be produced by domestic farmers. Case study of West Nusa Tenggara found per capita income amounted to 5,500 rupiahs per day, that is below the poverty line stated by World Bank (USD 1- 2 in a day) And last, overall the economic liberalization through WTO and FTA make the loss of access of farmers, labor, and small scale economy to the natural resources and market

Solution Agrarian Reform ; Indonesian society needs real agrarian reform in the form of land distribution, agriculture production tools, capital, technology and access to the price and market in order to increase their income. National Industrialization ; In the last 20 years, Indonesian economy entered de-industrialization phase where more than 70 percent component of Indonesian industry came from import. National industry grew in a form of footloose industry. Indonesia has experienced deindustrialization before reaching the phase of industrialization. Thus, to build strong economic structure, it needs good industrial policy. Protection dan Subsidy ; at production level and productivity in which farmers need subsidy from the state, WTO and FTA cause farmer s access to market and natural resources to decline. Protection and subsidy should be provided by the government.

Terima kasih Thank you