Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus) Where are they headed? Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation Objectives Lesson objective - Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus) Where are they headed? What are the challenges? Design Technology Lesson expectations - Gain Familiarity Appreciate breadth of UAV design options Notation - by our definition of UAVs as reusable UAV Yes = UAV No = 2-1

Design of UAV Systems Amazing UAV facts Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation Amazing UAV facts The first reported heavier-than-air, powered flight was of a UAV, over the Potomac River, by Dr. Sam Langley (1896) The first radio-controlled UAV flights were converted Navy trainers, flown over Long Island (1917) The first mass production of UAVs was the Kettering Bug, costing $400 and capable of carrying a 300 lb bomb (1918) The British Queen Bee UAV was landed by dragging a weighted antenna line on the ground, which then pulled back the stick and the throttle (1935) 4 UAVs with 2000 lb bombs attacked the Japanese merchantman, Yamazuki Maru, scoring two direct hits (1944) Marilyn Monroe was “discovered” while working in the Radioplane OQ-3 UAV factory (1945) Source: McDaid and Oliver, “Smart Weapons”, Barnes & Noble 1997 2-1a

Historical comparison - US Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation Historical comparison - US Pre-World War II Manned aircraft - Reciprocating engines - Biplanes to monoplanes - Fabric to semi-monocoque Unmanned - First unmanned vehicle - First UAV World War II Manned aircraft - Recips mature - Structures mature - First jets Unmanned - First combat use - First drones 1950s Manned aircraft - Turbojets mature - Advanced metalics - Supersonics mature Unmanned - First real systems - UAVs stagnate 1960s Manned aircraft - Turbofans mature - First composites - First fly by wire - Complex analog systems Unmanned - UAVs go to war Other - Unmanned space 1970s Manned aircraft - Full fly by wire - Early digital systems Unmanned - First combat UAV - First research UAV - First tactical UAV 1980s Manned aircraft - Commercial FBW - Composites mature - Full digital systems Unmanned - Cruise missiles - Tactical UAV (again) 1990s - Unmanned - DARO Family of Vehicles - Tactical UAVs (again) - USAF / DARPA UCAV Other - Reusable launchers 2002 and on - UAVs mature - Manned/unmanned synergy,co-existence 1990s - Manned aircraft - Co-cured composites - Pilots as managers - Netted systems 2-2

Pre War Design of UAV Systems UAV UAV UAV Target drones Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation Pre War Kettering Bug (1918) Aerial Torpedo UAV Radioplane 0Q-2A (1935) Culver PQ-14B (1940) UAV UAV Target drones http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm 2-3

World War II Design of UAV Systems UAV UAV V-1 Buzz Bomb Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation World War II V-1 Buzz Bomb UAV U.S. Buzz Bomb USAAF BQ-7 (B-17F) UAV http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm 2-4

Surface-to-Surface Missiles Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation 1950s Matador- 600 NMi Range Mace - 1217 Nmi Range Snark - 5497 NMi Range Strategic Surface-to-Surface Missiles UAV USSR had similar types of systems http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm 2-5

Submarine and Surface Launched Missiles Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation 1950s (cont’d) Submarine and Surface Launched Missiles Regulus 1 Regulus 2 USSR also had similar types UAV http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/theater/regulus1.htm 2-6

1960s Reconnaissance UAVs Design of UAV Systems UAV UAV Lightning Bug Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation 1960s Reconnaissance UAVs UAV UAV Lightning Bug AQM-34 D21 Tagboard on M12 Mother Ship http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm 2-7

Launch and space systems Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation 1960s - other Launch and space systems UAV http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/imint/4cor1 http://www.fas.org 2-8

Combat UAVs - Have Lemon AQM-34 Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation 1970s Combat UAVs - Have Lemon AQM-34 EO Maverick EO Hobo UAV UAV UAV EO Maverick Attacking SAM Site http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm 2-9

1970s Design of UAV Systems Reconnaissance (Recce) UAVs UAV Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation 1970s Boeing YQM-94A B-Gull Reconnaissance (Recce) UAVs UAV Teledyne Ryan YQM-96A R-Tern Endurance 28 hrs 11 min Un-refueled Compass Cope - High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm http://www.fas.org/irp/program/sources.htm 2-10

1970s Design of UAV Systems UAV Cruise Missiles Boeing AGM-86 Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation 1970s UAV Cruise Missiles Boeing AGM-86 General Dynamics BGM-109 http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart/bgm-109.htm 2-11

1970s Design of UAV Systems Flight Research UAVs UAV HiMAT YF-16 RPRV Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation 1970s Flight Research UAVs HiMAT YF-16 RPRV UAV http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/index.html Self-Repairing Flight Control Sys. XBQM-106 http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm 2-12

Tactical UAV - Lockheed Aquila Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation 1970s Tactical UAV - Lockheed Aquila UAV 2-13

1980s Design of UAV Systems Cruise Missiles UAV GD BGM-109G GD Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation 1980s UAV Cruise Missiles General Dynamics AGM-129 GD BGM-109G GD UGM-109C GD RGM-109C http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart/bgm-109.htm 2-14

1980s Design of UAV Systems UAV HALE UAV Boeing Condor Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation 1980s Boeing Condor UAV HALE UAV http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm 2-15

Tactical and Medium Endurance UAVs Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation 1980s Tactical and Medium Endurance UAVs UAV US Army Hunter Pioneer - USN/USMC http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/pioneer.htm GNAT-750 MR - UAV http://www.fas.org/irp/program/sources.htm 2-16

1990s DARO UAVs Design of UAV Systems UAV Outrider (TUAV) Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation 1990s UAV DARO UAVs Outrider (TUAV) Predator (Tier II) http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/outrider.htm http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/predator.htm Global Hawk (Tier II+) Dark Star (Tier III-) http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/global_hawk.htm http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/darkstar.htm 2-17

Global Hawk & Predator Design of UAV Systems Size Comparison Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation Global Hawk & Predator Size Comparison http://www.tdyryan.com/04_Programs/Global_Hawk/GH_System_Desc.PDF 2-18

US Army Selects AAI Shadow 200 1990s - Tactical UAV Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation http://www.fas.org/irp/program/sources.htm UAV Alliant Techsystems Outrider General Atomics Prowler US Army Selects AAI Shadow 200 TRW/S-TEC Sentry 2-19

1990s - VTUAV Design of UAV Systems NG Fire Scout selected UAV Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation NG Fire Scout selected UAV http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htm http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htm Cancelled http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htm 2-20

1990s - Manned synergy Design of UAV Systems Design of UAV Systems UAV Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation 1990s - Manned synergy http://www.army.mil/armyimages.htm UAV 2-21

1990s - Reusable launchers Design of UAV Systems Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation 1990s - Reusable launchers UAV http://www.fas.org 2-22

Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus) Where are they headed? Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation Next subject Lesson objective - Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus) Where are they headed? What are the challenges? Design Technology Lesson expectations - Gain Familiarity Appreciate breadth of UAV design options 2-23

Unmanned Combat Armed Rotorcraft (UCAR) Today - DARPA/Army Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation Unmanned Combat Armed Rotorcraft (UCAR) Armed unmanned complement to manned systems - Future Combat System - RHA-66 Comanche Perform the most dangerous missions - Strike and support $500M over four (4) phases - First phase 12 months, four (4) contractors - Many competitors Plus... Raytheon Sikorsky Lockheed Martin 2-24

Today - DARPA/USAF UCAV Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation Today - DARPA/USAF UCAV X-45A X-45B 2-25

Today - DARPA/Navy UCAV Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation Today - DARPA/Navy UCAV AIR VEHICLE XX,XXX lb Gross Weight X,XXX lb Empty Weight High subsonic speed Med-high altitude XXX-XXXX nmi radius XXXX-XXXX lb payload http://www.strange-mecha.com/aircraft/x/USN-X.htm http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/uav.htm Requirements increasing? http://www.northrop grumman.com 2-26

Today - other DARPA Design of UAV Systems A-160 Hummingbird Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation Today - other DARPA A-160 Hummingbird http://www.auvsi.org/members http://www.vectorsite.net/avuav7.html http://www.darpa.mil/tto/programs/hum_war.html Hingeless, low disk-loading & RPM rigid rotor VTOL range > 2,000nm Endurance > 24-48 hours http://www.darpa.mil/tto/programs/hum_war.html 2-27

Today - Global Hawk Design of UAV Systems ACTD successfully completed Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/global_hawk.htm ACTD successfully completed Low rate initial production approved - 17 air vehicles plus four mission and launch control elements Full-rate production starts FY-06 - 2 UAVs per year through FY 09, 4 thereafter Assessing new payloads - signals intelligence - Requires payload weight/volume increase Will remain unarmed 2-28

Today - Predator Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation Today - Predator Predator A armed with Hellfire missiles http://www.auvsi.org/members/us.cfm USAF orders 2 Predator B prototypes for evaluation - Honeywell TPE-331-10T, flat-rated to 750shp - 4,500kg take-off gross weight - Max speed / altitude - 210 Kt / 50Kft - 20m wingspan - Triplex systems - 1,360kg fuel - 340kg internal payload - 1360kg external payload - 6 store stations/14 Hellfires Predator B http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/PAO/PAIS/HTML/FS-073-DFRC.html 2-29

Affordably expendable UAV Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation Today - USMC Affordably expendable UAV 2-30

Dragon Eye approach Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation Dragon Eye approach 2-31

Today - US Navy Roadmap Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation Today - US Navy Roadmap Today MRE Transitioning to UCAV-N? 2-32

(Source data : Janes - All the Worlds Aircraft; UAVs and Targets) Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation Today - US Navy VTUAV? (Source data : Janes - All the Worlds Aircraft; UAVs and Targets) 2-33

Another generation of UAVs & UCAVS Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation Tomorrow UAV Another generation of UAVs & UCAVS Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company 2-34

Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus) Where are they headed? Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation Final subject Lesson objective - Short UAV History (with admitted US Focus) Where are they headed? What are the challenges? Design Technology Lesson expectations - Gain Familiarity Appreciate breadth of UAV design options 2-35

Design and technology challenges Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation Design and technology challenges System Level - Concepts of Operation - Communications availability/reliability - Multi-UAV operations - UAVs in manned airspace Air Vehicle - Reliability and Safety - Very long endurance - Survivability - Cost Mission control - Operators per vehicle - Multi-vehicle control Payloads - Auto target recognition - On board data processing - Data compression - Cost Support system - Reliability and Safety - Logistics footprint - Off base support - Aerial refueling 2-36

UAVs will have to fit into a pilot based system Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation Example - Manned airspace All countries have rules for how aircraft must operate in their airspace. Most follow guidelines developed by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Rules apply to two types of airspace - Enroute airspace - the airways - Terminal airspace - around airports Airspace rules are based on manned aircraft experience The established system is complex and slow to change Pilots, not ground controllers, have primary responsibility for safe operation/separation of aircraft UAVs have ground (?) controllers not pilots UAVs will have to fit into a pilot based system 2-37

Example - Logistics footprint Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation Example - Logistics footprint 2-38

Example - Base operations Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation Example - Base operations Main Base Forward Base Emergency Base 2-39

What do these challenges have to do with us (Aerospace Engineers)? Design of UAV Systems Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation Question What do these challenges have to do with us (Aerospace Engineers)? UAVs are air vehicles, they fly like airplanes and operate in an airplane environment - They are designed like air vehicles - They have to meet flight critical air vehicle requirements - Aerospace engineers understand the environment, the requirements and the design challenges We know how to integrate complex, multi-disciplinary systems We provide leadership in development of air vehicle systems - UAVs are simply our next air vehicle system challenge 2-40

Design of UAV Systems Intermission Introduction to UAVs c 2002 LM Corporation Intermission 2-41