AFTER “REIGN OF TERROR” >Moderates take over government >5 Man “Directory” is elected -find balance between Radicals and Royalists -gradually took more control of government (corrupt) -annulled laws of legislature -did not correct problems >Directory became unpopular

Nov 9, 1799 Directory failingDirectory failing There was fear of foreign invasionThere was fear of foreign invasion Napoleon overthrew gov’t (coup d’état)Napoleon overthrew gov’t (coup d’état)

Napoleon as “First Consul” Proclaimed himself “First Consul” [Julius Caesar] he made himself sole “Consul for Life” he proclaimed himself “Emperor” (returned France to a monarchy) **used PLEBESCITE votes [popularity] Proclaimed himself “First Consul” [Julius Caesar] he made himself sole “Consul for Life” he proclaimed himself “Emperor” (returned France to a monarchy) **used PLEBESCITE votes [popularity]

“Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon & the Empress Josephine” 1806 by David “Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon & the Empress Josephine” 1806 by David

“Order, Security, Efficiency” All Citizens pay taxes Government workers appointed by Merit Started Lycées (public schools) Est. a national bank Concordat of 1801 – made peace w/ Church (still controlled it, but allowed Freedom of Religion) Napoleonic Code equality forbid privileges based on Birth Abolished Feudalism BUT removed/limited Free speech, Women’s Rights Slavery was restored in the French colonies. Louisiana Purchase $15 million

Battle of Trafalgar [France v. England] Napoleon’s LOSS prevented any possibility of a French invasion of England

Mistake #1 Continental System 1806 Napoleon attempted to weaken Britain with a blockade British Navy used counter- blockade Mistake #2 Peninsular War Attempt to force Portugal / Spain to follow C.S. “Spanish Ulcer” Spain used 1)Guerilla war 2)nationalism Collapse of Napoleon’s Empire Mistake #3 Russian Invasion 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia  Alexander I – trading w/England Napoleon Retreated 1)Winter 2)Scorched- Earth policy

Surrender at Madrid Retreat from Moscow Tchaikovsky “Overture of 1812” Tolstoy “War and Peace”

1813 Battle of Leipzig alliance of Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden and Austria as Napoleon retreats from Russia

Napoleon in Exile on Elba  allowed to keep title of Emperor  replaced by Louis XVIII

Napoleon escaped Elba BATTLE OF WATERLOO Grand Alliance defeats Napoleon Napoleon exiled to St. Helena “…Waterloo will erase all the memory of so many of my victories...”

June 28, 1940 Hitler Visits Napoleon’s Tomb

NAPOLEON’S LEGACY Military Success Napoleonic Code "My true glory is not to have won 40 battles...Waterloo will erase the memory of so many victories.... But...what will live forever, is my Civil Code." Spread Enlightenment ideas Growth of nationalism throughout Europe Metric system Louisiana Purchase 2 MAIN FACTORS FOR NAPOLEON’S MILITARY FAILURE 1)THE SURVIVAL OF GREAT BRITAIN 2)NATIONALISM Ironic – French Revolution and NAPOLEON spread these ideas 1.caused France to be hated 2.showed Europe what nationalism/rebellion could do