World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 19 Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean,

Objectives Understand how the Ottomans built and administered their territorial empire. Understand the rise of the Safavids and the role of Shi’ite Islam in the development of Iranian identity under the Safavids. Understand the construction of the Mughal Empire in India and the relations between Islam, Hinduism, and Sikhism. Understand the internal and external factors that led to the decline of the Ottoman and Mughal Empires and to the fall of the Safavids Understand the roles of the Portuguese, Oman, and the Dutch in the development of trade in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia.

The Ottoman Empire, to 1750 Ottoman –longest-lasting post-Mongol –NW Anatolia –Battle of Kosovo –Ankara Timur the Lame Bayazid I –Mehmed I reunification –Mehmed II Constantinople –Selim the Grim Egypt –Suleiman the Magnificent Vienna “golden age” 3:55 3:25

Suleiman The Lawgiver 1:55 5:47

The Ottoman Empire, to 1750 Trade Rivals –Venice Mediterranean trade war tributary status –Portugal Indian Ocean Military ‘balance’ 1) Turkic cavalry 2) janissaries musket infantry –devshirme askeri –tax exemption 3) naval Lepanto

The Ottoman Empire, to 1750 raya –“flock of sheep” justice and protection taxes –Reconquista Religion –Islam Albania and Bosnia Crisis –displaced cavalrymen inflation mercenaries –emergency taxes –hereditary janissaries commerce

The Ottoman Empire, to 1750 Economy –palace isolation –grand vizier tax farming –lack of order European opportunity –W. Anatolia, Balkans, Med. Sea –cotton and tobacco –Mocha, Arabia tariffs ‘Tulip Period’ –sign of the times Patrona Halil rebellion –Mamluks, Baghdad, al-Wahhab

The Safavid Empire, Safavid –Iran –Ismail Safaviya Sufi brotherhood –Shi’ism –schism Turkic qizilbash –‘redheads’ Society –Persian language –mosaic tiles Religion –‘Hidden Imam’ Ali’s 12th descendent stronger ulama role –Imam Husayn martyrdom

The Safavid Empire, Women –seldom seen publicly –retain marriage property –dress similar to men arms, legs, hair Homosexuality –disapproved but not unusual Art –miniatures –carpets Crisis –funds for qizilbash –silver inflation –lack of navy

The Mughal Empire, Mughal India –Hindu population –resentment Babur –descendent of Timur –‘Mongol’ Akbar –mansabs ranks for granted land revenues –prosperity cotton cloth –Religion tolerance (mansabdars) Rajput princess head tax; jurisdiction

The Mughal Empire, Islamic Conversion –peasant rice farmers animist beliefs Sikhism –Nanak meditation for enlightenment Muslim and Hindu imagery –“the army of the pure” uncut hair, turbans swords, steel bracelet Decline –rise of regional powers Punjabs, Marathas, Afghans –land-grant system

Indian Ocean Trade Empires Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal Fall –inability to adapt military technology world economy –European seafarers benefit East India Co Dutch East India Co Muslims –congenial to trade and traders –accept as full members –East Africa migration to Kenyan lakes –drought conditions Dutch –E. Africa port cities –Java