The Progressive Era Gives Way to World War The Wilson Years 1912-1919

1912 – Looking For Candidates Democrats Nominate Woodrow Wilson, Progressive Governor from New Jersey

1912 – Looking For Candidates Republicans Nominate William Howard Taft for 2nd Term Stick with the incumbant. Was the chosen successor by TR. Taft had resorted backto traditional Republicanism. Though he continued to bust the trusts he lost favor of the progressives and TR. He once proclaimed that the presidency was the lonesomest job in the world. In the midterm elections the Democrats took back the House.

1912 – Looking For Candidates Teddy Roosevelt Returns With Nomination of Bull Moose Party

1912 – Choices? Consolidation of trusts and labor unions “New Nationalism” “New Freedom” Consolidation of trusts and labor unions Growth of regulatory agencies Woman’s Suffrage Social Welfare Minimum Wage Small Enterprise Entrepreneurship Unregulated, Free Markets Shunned social welfare

Long-Winded Saves Roosevelt Milwaukee, Wisconsin Teddy Roosevelt shot in chest by fanatic Still gives campaign speech

Republican Party Splits Vote Wilson Wins

Wilson Tackles the “triple wall of privilege” Tariff – tax on imported goods - Reduces fees on imports - Replaces revenue loss with income tax (16th Amendment)

Wilson Tackles the “triple wall of privilege” Banks – Providers of loans and money - 1913 – Federal Reserve Act – establishes Federal Reserve Board - nationwide system of 12 regional banks - amount of $ in circulation could be increased as needed

Wilson Tackles the “triple wall of privilege” 3. Trusts – 1914 – Federal Trade Commission Act - rooted out unfair comp., false adv., mislabeling, bribery - Clayton Anti-Trust Act – objectionable business practices like; price discrimination & interlocking directorates, purchasing stocks of other companies

Populist Ideas Become Law Federal Farm Loan Act – made credit available to farmers at low interest rates Warehouse Act – authorized loans on the security of staple crops

How do Third-Party Political Parties Influence Our Government? Though they seldom win political elections, many of their ideas later become instituted into law.

DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS Before 1913, each state’s legislature had chosen its own U.S. senators To force senators to be more responsive to the public, progressives pushed for the popular election of senators As a result, Congress passed the 17th Amendment (1913)

The Workingman Benefits Workingman’s Compensation Act – Disability Insurance Restricted Child Labor Eight-hour day for railroad workers

WOMEN IN PUBLIC LIFE Before the Civil War, American women were expected to devote their time to home and family By the late 19th and early 20th century, women were visible in the workforce

DOMESTIC WORKERS Before the turn-of-the-century women without formal education contributed to the economic welfare of their families by doing domestic work Altogether, 70% of women employed in 1870 were servants

WOMEN IN THE WORK FORCE Opportunities for women increased especially in the cities By 1900, one out of five women worked The garment trade was popular as was office work, department stores and classrooms

Colleges like Vassar and Smith allowed women to excel WOMEN LEAD REFORM Many of the leading progressive reformers were women Middle and upper class women also entered the public sphere as reformers Many of these women had graduated from new women’s colleges Colleges like Vassar and Smith allowed women to excel

THREE-PART STRATEGY FOR WINNING SUFFRAGE Suffragists tried three approaches to winning the vote 1) Convince state legislatures to adopt vote (Succeeded in Wyoming, Utah, Idaho, Colorado) 2) Pursue court cases to test 14th Amendment 3) Push for national constitutional Amendment

The 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote in 1920 WOMEN WIN SUFFRAGE Native-born, educated, middle-class women grew more and more impatient Through local, state and national organization, vigorous protests and World War I, women finally realized their dream in 1920 The 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote in 1920