The New Republic Begins All sections

Chapter 9, Section 1 - Objectives Describe the Federal District. Describe how Alexander Hamilton planned to strengthen the nation’s economy. Explain how George Washington’s actions set an example (precedent) for future Presidents.

District of Columbia – District, not a state, located on the Potomac River, opposite Virginia, and surrounded by Maryland. The home of the federal government of the United States.

Pierre-Charles L'Enfant competed with others, including Thomas Jefferson. L’Enfant’s 1791 plan for the District of Columbia won.

Jefferson’s Plan

L’Enfant’s Winning Plan

Design for the Capitol

Benjamin Bannaker - African American mathematician and astronomer who helped to survey the Federal District.

Bank of the United States a national bank wherein the national government deposited the money it collected in taxes, and the bank, in turn, issued paper money.

George Washington proposed a tax on whiskey to help pay for the Revolutionary War. Rum was the drink of the Tidewater and coastal Americans; while whiskey, since it could be made from corn, was the drink of frontier Americans.

The Whiskey Rebellion – Farmers who raised corn and sold it as whiskey marched and protested the federal government’s tax on whiskey. President Washington called out 15,000 troops to show the farmers that violence would not be tolerated. This was a critical test of the new federal government.

If Washington had not taken strong action to put down the Whiskey Rebellion, other Americans would defy the government. President Jefferson would later repeal the whiskey tax.

Since there had never been an American President, almost everything that Washington did was a precedent (for example) for future presidents! Some people even wanted to use the title, His Excellency, the President of the United States!

New York’s Federal Hall where George Washington was inaugurated.

His inauguration set a precedent for other presidents to follow.

Washington established a cabinet (group of advisors). President Washington, Secretary of War Henry Knox, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, and Attorney General Edmund Randolph

Presidential Vocabulary inauguration – ceremony at which the President officially takes the oath of office. precedent – act or decision that sets an example for others to follow. Cabinet – group of officials who head government departments and advise the President.

TODAY

Economic Vocabulary bond – certificate that promises to repay money loaned, plus interest, on a certain date. Alexander Hamilton thought it was important to pay off government bonds because otherwise no one would lend the US money again.

national debt – total sum of money a government owes. James Madison opposed Hamilton’s repayment plan because it penalized southern states that had already paid their debts.

Hamilton proposed the following ways to raise money for the new government: protective tariff – tax on imported goods to protect a country’s industry from foreign competition. Liquor tax

Chapter 9, Section 2 Objectives Identify the policy the United States adopted when war broke out in Europe. Describe how Washington’s farewell address influenced American foreign policy.

French Revolution – (1789) French struggle for liberty and equality that resulted in the overthrow of the French monarchy.

Like our Independence day, Bastille Day is celebrated every July 14, the day a mob destroyed the Bastille prison. Many of the people imprisoned in the Bastille were not criminals, they simply opposed the King.

The revolution in France divided Americans because some Americans turned against what was happening in France when things became violent. Other Americans felt the French had the right to use violence to gain freedom.

To avoid war President Washington issued the Neutrality Proclamation and sent John Jay to work out a treaty. foreign policy – actions that a nation takes in relation to other nations. neutrality – foreign policy of not taking sides in a war or disagreement.

In his Farewell Address, Washington advised Americans to avoid getting involved in foreign affairs.

Chapter 9, Section 3 Objectives Explain how political differences led to the rise of two political parties.

Thomas Jefferson Democratic Republicans –political party that supported Thomas Jefferson which in the late 1700s was shortened to Republicans. This party later became today’s Democratic Party. “The government that governs least governs best.”

Alexander Hamilton Federalists – political party that supported Alexander Hamilton. They favored a strong federal government.

Federalists Republicans Led by Alexander Hamilton Led by Thomas Jefferson Wanted the well educated & wealthy to lead country The people have political power Strong FEDERAL government Strong STATE government Manufacturing, shipping, trade Agriculture Loose interpretation of the Constitution Strict interpretation of the Constitution Favors the British Favors the French Supports the national bank Opposes the national bank Favors protective tariffs Opposes protective tariffs

Rival newspapers supported Federalists or Republicans. By mixing rumors and feelings with facts, newspapers influenced public opinion.

Chapter 9, Section 4 Objectives Describe the XYZ Affair. Explain why the Alien and Sedition acts outraged many Americans.

Napoleon Bonaparte – an ambitious French army officer took over France after the French Revolution. France continues to hate Great Britain, and Bonaparte fights to build a French empire.

XYZ Affair – When French foreign minister Charles Maurice de Talleyrand demanded $250,000 for himself and a loan to France for $10 million before he would discuss the rights of neutral nations. (The French diplomats that he sent to the US to request the bribe were not named but referred to as X, Y, and Z.)

Many Americans wanted to declare war on France because France had seized US ships and its officials had asked for bribes (XYZ Affair).

immigrant – person who enters a country in order to settle there. sedition – stirring up rebellion against a government.

Alien and Sedition Acts – The Alien Act allowed the President to expel any alien (foreigner) thought to be dangerous to the country. The Sedition Act allowed citizens to be fined or jailed if they criticized the government or its officials.

Federalists favored the Alien and Sedition Acts because the Alien Act delayed granting citizenship to immigrants who tended to vote Republican and the Sedition Act silenced Republicans who criticized the government. Republicans opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts because the Alien Act denied the vote to some supporters and the Sedition Act violated the freedom of speech and the press.