China Nuclear Power Situation and Development WU Zongxin INET ， Tsinghua University

The Police of Nuclear Energy Since 2004, China government has changed the police of nuclear development from “moderate” to “ active”

Nuclear Power in China 9 NPP in operation and I NPP in commissioning, total 7.6 GW installed capacity 52.3 billion kWh - 2.1% of total power generation Accept 2 units of CANDU PHWR type, others PWR type

Existing Nuclear Power Plants in China UnitsType Net capacity (each) Start up Daya Bay-1 & 2PWR944 MWe1994 Qinshan-1PWR279 MWeApril 1994 Qinshan-2 & 3PWR610 MWe2004 Lingao-1 & 2PWR935 MWe2003 Qinshan-4 & 5PHWR665 MWe2003 Tianwan-1PWR1000 MWe2007 total (10) 7587 MWe

Nuclear Power Plants Under Construction in China ReactorTypeNet capacityConstruction start Start up* Tianwan-2PWR1000 MWe Lingao-3PWR935 MWe Lingao-4PWR935 MWe Qinshan-6PWR610 MWe Qinshan-7PWR610 MWe Total 4170 MWe

Planning of Nuclear Power Development The government plans to increase nuclear generating capacity to 40 GWe by 2020 with a further 18 GWe nuclear being under construction then Requiring an average of 2 GWe per year being added.

Nuclear Power Plants in Plan in China PlantProvinceMWe gross Lingao-2Guangdong2x1000 Qinshan-4Zhejiang2x650 Sanmen-1Zhejiang2x1100/1500 Yangjiang-1Guangdong2x1100/1500 Total

Open bidding for third-generation designs In September 2004 the State Council approved the two units at Sanmen, followed by six units at Yangjiang (two to start with), these to be 1000 or 1500 MWe reactors The Sanmen and Yanjiang plants were subject to an open bidding process for third-generation designs, with contracts being awarded in mid 2006 Westinghouse bid its AP 1000 (which now has US NRC final design approval), Areva NP (Framatome ANP) bid its EPR of 1600 MWe

NPP Technologies PWRs will be the mainstream but not sole reactor type Nuclear fuel assemblies are fabricated and supplied indigenously Domestic manufacturing of plant and equipment will be maximized, with self-reliance in design and project management International cooperation is nevertheless encouraged

New Nuclear Power Reactor Technology Development In February 2006 the State Council announced that the large advanced PWR and the small high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTR) are two high priority projects for the next 15 years In order to master international advanced technology on nuclear power and develop a Chinese third-generation large PWR“ CNNC has confirmed this, while pointing longer- term to fast neutron reactors

National laws The Atomic Energy Act is a supreme legal document in nuclear field to adjust and promote the atomic energy development in China The Atomic Energy Act being worked out The Environment Protection Act of the People’s Republic of China was approved by the National People’s Congress (NPC) The Radioactive Pollution Prevention Act is a basic law for the radioactive waste management

Nuclear Safety and Wastes Management To meet the needs of nuclear energy development, independent regulatory authorities and implementation bodies came into being in China’s radioactive waste management system in virtue of years of practices. The State Environment Protection Agency (SEPA), independent of the nuclear industry, carries out supervision and management on nuclear safety and radiation environment of civilian nuclear facilities ： licensing management and routine monitoring

Rules and regulations by governmental departments Detailed Implementation Rules have been promulgated in succession: National Regulations on Supervision and Management of Safety of Civilian Nuclear Facilities Provisions on Safety of Civilian Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities Provisions on Safety of NPP Radioactive Waste Management Environmental Policy on Intermediate and Low- level Radioactive Wastes Disposal Provisions on Radioactive Waste Management

Nuclear Fuel Cycle China has primarily established a nuclear fuel cycle system covering uranium exploration, mining and milling, conversion, isotope separation, nuclear fuel element manufacture and spent fuel reprocessing.

Establishment of nuclear fuel cycle system

Uranium Resources At present the uranium resources supply available domestically With the prospective need to import much more uranium CNNC is also keen to participate in exploration and mining abroad, and in 2006 bought into a small Australian uranium prospect

Cardinal principles of waste management Aiming at safety and taking disposal as core; Ensuring exposure received by workers and the public within the dose limits set by the state, and keeping at the ALARA level when taking into account the economic and social factors; Protecting later generations, i.e. no extra burdens and responsibilities to be added to later generations, and the protection level of individuals of later generations will not lower than the current level;

Cardinal principles of waste management Relevant radioactive waste treatment facilities should be designed, constructed and operated simultaneously with facilities or practices producing radioactive wastes Taking into full consideration the inter-relations between various phases of waste management:  reduction in output  categorized collection  purification and concentration, volume reduction and solidification  careful encapsulation, safe transportation  in-situ interim storage  concentrated disposal, controlled discharge

Cardinal principles of waste management The environmental impact assessment should be conducted prior to any waste management facility or practice. The discharge amount should be applied for to environment protection agencies. The amount and concentration of radioactive materials discharged to environment must lower than the discharge limits set by regulatory authorities.

Treatment of L/ILW L/ILW arising from NPPs will be cement- solidified in 200 L steel barrel or large concrete container Development of a series of cement formulas, methods to examine the solidification performance, and some cementation apparatuses

Near-surface Disposal of I/LLSW Near-surface disposal of I/LLSW including cement formula piles and hydraulic fracture disposal Following the policy of regional disposal of I/LLSW, China has set up several state regional I/LLSW disposal sites where nuclear installations are comparatively concentrated

Near-surface Disposal of I/LLSW The northwest I/LLSW repository put into operation with planed capacity of the first phase is 5,200,000 m3 The design disposal capacity of Guangdong Beilong repository, closing to the Daya Bay and Ling Ao NPPs in Shenzhen, is 80,000 m3 Repository in Zhejiang in planning

Treatment and Disposal of HLW Spent fuel storage Reprocessing Vitrification of HLLW Deep geological disposal of HLW

Spent reprocessing Initiate target: recovery of uranium and plutonium for resource conservation Long target:  Reprocessing + partitioning → transmutation: remove trans-uranium and separate strontium and cesium  Improvement of resource utilization  Minimizing the radioactive toxic  Reducing the waste repository volume Scientific research and test verification carried out for a 50 tU spent fuel project A commercial facility put into operation after 2020

Deep geological disposal of HLW Plan for deep geological disposal of HLW consists of four stages: technical preparedness; geological research; on-site test and construction Great progress on sitting for repository and underground laboratory, and the feasibility study Northwest region of China: primarily determined as one of the most likely candidate sites Two wells as deep as 700 m and 500 m respectively drilled for carrying out multi-disciplinary research

Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities Drafting National standard Safety Requirements for Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities Carrying out relevant development work  Assessment of radioactivity inventory  Decontamination  Cutting technology  Remote operation  Smelting  Radioactive waste management  Health protection and safety

谢 谢！