 Case 2/p128

BLOG (web+log) source:  A blog is a user-generated website where entries are made in journal style and displayed in a reverse chronological order. user-generatedjournalchronological orderuser-generatedjournalchronological order  Blogs often provide commentary or news on a particular subject, such as food, politics, or local news; some function as more personal online diaries online diaries online diaries  Youtube type of a video weblog

Myspace source:  MySpace is a social networking website offering an interactive, user-submitted network of friends, personal profiles, blogs, groups, photos, music and videos. MySpace also features an internal search engine and an internal system social networkingwebsite social networkingwebsite

Drawing money from an ATM

Telecommunications and Networking

Learning Objectives 1.Understand the concept of a network. 2.Apply Metcalfe’s law in understanding the value of a network. 3.Identify several major developments and trends in the industries, technologies, and business applications of telecommunications and Internet technologies. 4.Examples of the business value of Internet, intranet, and extranet applications.

Learning Objectives 5.Identify the basic components, functions, and types of telecommunications networks used in business. 6.Explain the functions of major components of telecommunications network hardware, software, media, and services. 7.Explain the concept of client/server networking. 8.Understand the two forms of peer-to-peer networking. 9.Explain the difference between digital and analog signals.

Learning Objectives 10.Identify the various transmission media and topologies used in telecommunications networks. 11.Understand the fundamentals of wireless network technologies. 12.Explain the concepts behind TCP/IP. 13.Understand the seven layers of the OSI network model.

Network Concepts  Network –An interconnected chain, group or system  Number of possible connections on a network is N * (N-1)/2 –Where N = number of nodes (points of connections on the network) –Example, if there are 10 computers on a network, there are 10 * 9/2 = 45 possible connections

Telecommunications  Telecommunications –Exchange of information in any form (voice, data, text, images, audio, video) over networks

Basic concepts  Communication protocols (TCP/IP)  Data transmission methods –Asynchronous –Synchronous  Connecting –Modem –Hardwired and remote  Data transmission channels (bps) –narrow bands: 5-30 –voice bands: 1,000-9,600 –broad bands: 100,000  Types of communication lines –simplex –half-duplex –duplex

Networks  Concept –"a group of interconnected computers, workstations, or computer devices (such as printers and data storage systems).”  Network topology – bus –star – ring  Local-area networks –bus: Ethernet, carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) –ring: token passing method  Distributed data processing –"interconnects sites of one organization not only for communication of data and messages but also for the sharing of resources."

Open Systems  Information systems that use common standards for hardware, software, applications and networks  Internet networking technologies are a common standard for open systems  Connectivity: –Ability of networked computers to easily access and communicate with each other and share information  Interoperability: –The ability of an open system to enable end user applications to be accomplished using different varieties of computer systems, software packages, and databases provided by a variety of interconnected networks

Middleware  Any programming that serves to “glue together” two separate programs

Internet2  Next generation of the Internet  High-performance network  In use at 200 universities, scientific institutions, communications corporations

Internet Service Provider  ISP –A company that specializes in providing easy access to the Internet –For a monthly fee, you get software, user name, password and access  ISPs are connect to one another through network access points

An Intranet Also look at fig 6.8  A network inside an organization –That uses Internet technologies (such as Web browsers and servers, TCP/IP protocols, HTML, etc.) –To provide an Internet-like environment within the organization –For information sharing, communications, collaboration and support of business processes –Protected by security measures –Can be accessed by authorized users through the Internet

Extranet (also look at fig 6.9)  Network links that use Internet technologies –To connect the Intranet of a business –With the Intranets of its customers, suppliers or other business partners

GPS 1.The global positioning system (GPS) is a major technological achievement that has broad- reaching implications for business. Using the Internet, –Can find other innovative uses for GPS. –Good places to start familiarizing yourself with current accomplishments are  The GPSWorld site at  The GPS Overview at gps_f.html

Telecommunications network  Any arrangement where a sender transmits a message to a receiver over a channel consisting of some type of medium

Types of Networks  WAN  LAN  VPN  C/S

VPN  Basically, a VPN is a private network that uses a public network (usually the Internet) to connect remote sites or users together. Instead of using a dedicated, real-world connection such as leased line, a VPN uses "virtual" connections routed through the Internet from the company's private network to the remote site or employee. routed Source: computer.Howstuffworks.com

VPN

Internetwork Processors  Switch – makes connections between telecommunications circuits in a network  Router – intelligent communications processor that interconnects networks based on different protocols  Hub – a port switching communications processor  Gateway – connects networks using different communications architectures

ROUTERS Routers are specialized computers that send your messages and those of every other Internet user speeding to their destinations along thousands of pathways.  Fujitsu GeoStream R980 industrial strength router

ROUTERS configuration table. A configuration table is a collection of information, including:  Information on which connections lead to particular groups of addresses  Priorities for connections to be used  Rules for handling both routine and special cases of traffic A router, then, has two separate but related jobs:  The router ensures that information doesn't go where it's not needed. This is crucial for keeping large volumes of data from clogging the connections of "innocent bystanders."  The router makes sure that information does make it to the intended destination. Computer.howstuffworks.com

Distributed data processing TSS - Time Sharing Systems CSS - Client Server Systems PC MAINFRAME PC

Client/Server networks  Clients: End user personal computers or networked computers  Interconnected by LANs  Servers: manage networks  Processing shared between clients and servers

CSS architecture PC L A N File Server Print Server Communica- tions Server Remote Server

Peer-to-peer networks (p 209)  Networks that connect from one PC to another PC Peer-to-peer networking enables or enhances the following scenarios:  Real-time communications (RTC)  Collaboration  Content distribution  Distributed processing  Improved Internet technologies Source:

Wireless Technologies  Terrestrial microwave –Earthbound microwave systems that transmit high-speed radio signals in a line-of-sight path –Between relay systems spaced approximately 30-miles apart  Communications satellites –Satellite serves as relay stations for communications signals –Uses microwave radio signals

Wireless Technologies  Cellular and PCS telephone and pager systems –Divide the geographic area into small areas or cells –Each cell has transmitter or radio relay antenna to send message from one cell to another  Wireless LANs –Radio signals within an office or building –Connect PCs to networks  Bluetooth –Short-range wireless technology –To connect PC to peripherals such as printer

Bluetooth  Bluetooth is a standard developed by a group of electronics manufacturers that allows any sort of electronic equipment -- from computers and cell phones to keyboards and headphones -- to make its own connections, without wires, cables or any direct action from a user. cell phoneskeyboardscell phoneskeyboards  Bluetooth can connect up to eight devices simultaneously. With all of those devices in the same 10-meter (32-foot) radius

global/shared/corp/media/en/studio_dell?c= us&l=en&s=corp&targetNetwork=2&targetC hannel=4&targetMedia=32

Steps in wireless network source:

Cell Phones source: howstuffworks.com GSM (CDMA) vs TDMA TDMA (time division multiple access) assigns each call a certain portion of time on a designated frequency. Works on either the 800-MHz or 1900-MHz frequency bands. CDMA (code division multiple access) gives a unique code to each call and spreads it over the available frequencies. spreads GSM operates in the 900-MHz and 1800-MHz bands in Europe and Asia and in the 850-MHz and 1900-MHz (sometimes referred to as 1.9-GHz) band in the United States  Cell vs Mobile

Band/Mode Multiple band - A phone that has multiple-band capability can switch frequencies. For example, a dual-band TDMA phone could use TDMA services in either an 800-MHz or a 1900-MHz system. A quad-band GSM phone could use GSM service in the 850-MHz, 900-MHz, 1800-MHz or 1900-MHz band. Multiple mode - In cell phones, "mode" refers to the type of transmission technology used. So, a phone that supported AMPS and TDMA could switch back and forth as needed. It's important that one of the modes is AMPS -- this gives you analog service if you are in an area that doesn't have digital support.

EDI Concepts  EDI is a mechanism for electronic trading  EDI replaces paper flow with online transactions  EDI architecture  EDI is for trading partners  Implementation plan is a key factor  Obstacles: –lack of transaction standardization –high start-up costs  EDI third-party suppliers –AT&T, Control Data, EDS, GE, Western Union, IBM, Martin Marietta Data Systems, etc.

EDI architecture

Network Topologies (p 219) Topology: structure of a network  Star: ties end user computers to a central computer  Ring: ties local computer processors together in a ring on a relatively equal basis  Bus: local processors share the same communications channel

Network Architectures & Protocols  Protocol: standard set of rules and procedures for the control of communications in a network  Network Architecture: –Master plan of standard protocols, hardware, software and interfaces between end users and computer systems –Goal of promoting an open, simple, flexible, and efficient telecommunications environment

OSI & TCP/IP Models (p 221)  Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model –A seven-layer model that serves as a standard model for network architectures –Model for how messages should be transmitted between two points in a network –Each layer adds functions  Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) –A five layer telecommunications protocol used by the Internet

IP Internet protocol  Each system connected to the internet is identified by a 32-bit IP address  Four numbers separated by a decimal Each represented by octal (8 bits; hence 0-255)  Ex: Binary format: A new protocol IPv6 allows for 128 bit IP addresses to look up an IP address : to look up an IP address : to find info: to find info:

Basic Communications Model Standards are needed at all Layers

Internet Telephony  Using an Internet connection to pass voice data using IP  Voice over IP (VoIP)  Skips standard long-distance phone charges

VOIP (source

Bandwidth  Bandwidth –Frequency range of a telecommunications channel –Determines transmission rate –Classified in bits per second (bps)  Transmission Rates: –Narrow-band – low-speed –Broadband – high-speed

WiFi  WIreless FIdelity (WiFi)-- used generically when referring of any type of "Wi-Fi Certified" (a registered trademark) by the Wi-Fi Alliance are interoperable with each other, Wi-FiCertifiedWi-FiCertified even if they are from different manufacturers. A user with a "Wi-Fi Certified" product can use any brand of access point with any other brand of client hardware that also is certified access point hardwareaccess point hardware

Additional Readings  Voice over data networks Voice over data networks Voice over data networks  Networking Hardware Quiz  Networking Hardware Quiz Networking Hardware Quiz Networking Hardware Quiz  abc of wireless LAN abc of wireless LAN abc of wireless LAN  ISDN Tutorial ISDN Tutori ISDN Tutori  Ethernet tutorial Ethernet tutorial Ethernet tutorial  Internet Protocol Internet Protocol Internet Protocol  Thin clients Thin clients Thin clients  UNIX/NT integration UNIX/NT integrationUNIX/NT integration  Cell phones Cell phones Cell phones