1. 6-1 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Telecommunications and Networks By. Kundang K Juman, Ir. MMSI Business value of networks The Internet Network components Chapter 6 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. 6-3 Learning Objectives 1. Understand the concept of a network. 2. Apply Metcalfe’s law in understanding the value of a network. 3. Identify several major developments and trends in the industries, technologies, and business applications of telecommunications and Internet technologies. 4. Provide examples of the business value of Internet, intranet, and extranet applications.

4. 6-4 Learning Objectives 5. Identify the basic components, functions, and types of telecommunications networks used in business. 6. Explain the functions of major components of telecommunications network hardware, software, media, and services. 7. Explain the concept of client/server networking. 8. Understand the two forms of peer-to-peer networking. 9. Explain the difference between digital and analog signals.

5. 6-5 Learning Objectives 10. Identify the various transmission media and topologies used in telecommunications networks. 11. Understand the fundamentals of wireless network technologies. 12. Explain the concepts behind TCP/IP. 13. Understand the seven layers of the OSI network model.

6. 6-6 Case 1: Wireless, Wireless Everywhere Wireless sensor devices or motes Package together a circuit board, software, sensors and wireless radio Uses mesh networking software to transmit data from one mote to another

7. 6-7 Case Study Questions 1. What are some of the business benefits associated with using wireless networks to collect and transmit data? 2. What are some of the challenges being faced in this use of wireless technologies? What solutions can you offer? 3. The use of wireless networking as described in the case is both innovative and useful. What other business uses can you envision for this approach?

8. 6-8 Real World Internet Activity 1. The companies mentioned in this case, Intel, IBM, SAIC, and GE are all familiar names often associated with innovative approaches to technology. Using the Internet, See if you can find examples of other companies that have found ways in which to apply mote wireless technology to business needs.

9. 6-9 Real World Group Activity One way of describing this use of wireless technologies is that it represents a marriage between RFID and wireless networking. This combination of enabling technologies results in an entirely new way of accomplishing an old task. In small groups, Brainstorm other combinations of existing technologies to create new approaches to existing business activities.

10. 6-10 Network Concepts Network An interconnected chain, group or system Number of possible connections on a network is N * (N-1) Where N = number of nodes (points of connections on the network) Example, if there are 10 computers on a network, there are 10 * 9 = 90 possible connections

11. 6-11 Metcalfe’s Law The usefulness of a network equals the square of the number of users On a small network, a change in technology affects technology only On a large network like the Internet, a change in technology affects social, political and economic systems

12. 6-12 Telecommunications Exchange of information in any form (voice, data, text, images, audio, video) over networks

13. 6-13 Trends in Telecommunications

14. 6-14 Open Systems Information systems that use common standards for hardware, software, applications and networks Internet networking technologies are a common standard for open systems Connectivity: Ability of networked computers to easily access and communicate with each other and share information Interoperability: The ability of an open system to enable end user applications to be accomplished using different varieties of computer systems, software packages, and databases provided by a variety of interconnected networks

15. 6-15 Middleware Any programming that serves to “glue together” two separate programs

16. 6-16 Digital Network Technologies Rapid change from analog to digital network technologies Analog: voice-oriented transmission, sound waves Digital: discrete pulse transmission Digital allows: Higher transmission speed Larger amounts of information Greater economy Lower error rates Multiple forms of communications on same circuit

17. 6-17 Internet2 Next generation of the Internet High-performance network In use at 200 universities, scientific institutions, communications corporations

18. 6-18 Business Value of Telecommunication Networks

19. 6-19 The Internet Over 46 million servers (2004) 710 – 945 million users (2004) No central computer system No governing body No one owns it

20. 6-20 Internet Service Provider ISP A company that specializes in providing easy access to the Internet For a monthly fee, you get software, user name, password and access ISPs are connect to one another through network access points

21. 6-21 Popular uses of the Internet

22. 6-22 Using the Internet for business

23. 6-23 Business value of the Internet

24. 6-24 An Intranet A network inside an organization That uses Internet technologies (such as Web browsers and servers, TCP/IP protocols, HTML, etc.) To provide an Internet-like environment within the organization For information sharing, communications, collaboration and support of business processes Protected by security measures Can be accessed by authorized users through the Internet

25. 6-25 Enterprise Information Portal

26. 6-26 Extranet Network links that use Internet technologies To connect the Intranet of a business With the Intranets of its customers, suppliers or other business partners

27. 6-27 Extranet Uses

28. 6-28 Case 2: Maryland and Colorado Serving their customers without using wires Earth Alert Emergency Management System in Maryland provides Devices to communicate warning to individuals before a disaster, and Tools to collect timely information after a disaster Aurora Colorado Connects police and fire department vehicles via wire- less connections

29. 6-29 Case Study Questions 1. What is the business value of advanced mobile technologies to Maryland’s emergency management services? 2. In what other government services could GPS serve to provide business value? Give some examples. 3. Are there disadvantages or risks associated with the deployment of GPS systems to monitor the location of people? Explain.

30. 6-30 Real World Internet Activity 1. The global positioning system (GPS) is a major technological achievement that has broad-reaching implications for business. Using the Internet, See if you can find other innovative uses for GPS. Good places to start familiarizing yourself with current accomplishments are The GPSWorld site at http://www.gpsworld.com/gpsworld/ The GPS Overview at http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gp s/gps_f.html

31. 6-31 Real World Group Activity The first Real World Case in this chapter discussed the combination of two existing technologies, RFID and wireless networking, to create an innovative business solution. In small groups, Brainstorm innovative applications of GPS and other existing technologies.

32. 6-32 Telecommunications network Any arrangement where a sender transmits a message to a receiver over a channel consisting of some type of medium

33. 6-33 Telecommunications network components Terminals: any input/output device that uses networks to transmit or receive data Telecommunications Processors: devices that support data transmission and reception Telecommunications Channels: media over which data are transmitted and received Computers: all sizes and types Telecommunications Control Software: programs that control telecommunications activities

34. 6-34 Telecommunications network model

35. 6-35 Wide Area Network (WAN) Telecommunications network that covers a large geographic area Source: Courtesy of Cisco Systems Inc.

36. 6-36 Local Area Network (LAN) Connect computers within a limited physical area such as an office, classroom, or building

37. 6-37 Virtual Private Networks (VPN) A secure network that uses the Internet as its backbone but relies on firewalls, encryption and other security A pipe traveling through the Internet

38. 6-38 VPN

39. 6-39 Client/Server networks Clients: End user personal computers or networked computers Interconnected by LANs Servers: manage networks Processing shared between clients and servers

40. 6-40 Client/Server Network

41. 6-41 Network Computing Networks are the central computing resource of the organization Thin clients: network computers and other clients provide a browser-based user interface

42. 6-42 Peer-to-peer networks Networks that connect from one PC to another PC Common use is the downloading and trading of files

43. 6-43 Peer-to-Peer Network

44. 6-44 Telecommunications Media Twisted-pair wire: Ordinary telephone wire Copper wire twisted into pairs Source: Phil Degginger/Getty Images.

45. 6-45 Telecommunications Media Coaxial cable: Sturdy copper or aluminum wire wrapped with spacers to insulate and protect it Source: Ryan McVay/Getty Images.

46. 6-46 Telecommunications Media Fiber-optic cable: One or more hair-thin filaments of glass fiber wrapped in a protective jacket Source: CMCD/Getty Images.

47. 6-47 Problem of “The Last Mile” Network providers use fiber optic to provide backbone But houses are connected to the backbone via twisted-pair Cannot get the benefit of the faster, better technology

48. 6-48 Wireless Technologies Terrestrial microwave Earthbound microwave systems that transmit high- speed radio signals in a line-of-sight path Between relay systems spaced approximately 30-miles apart Communications satellites Satellite serves as relay stations for communications signals Uses microwave radio signals

49. 6-49 Wireless Technologies Cellular and PCS telephone and pager systems Divide the geographic area into small areas or cells Each cell has transmitter or radio relay antenna to send message from one cell to another Wireless LANs Radio signals within an office or building Connect PCs to networks Bluetooth Short-range wireless technology To connect PC to peripherals such as printer

50. 6-50 Wireless Web Connect portable communications devices to the Internet

51. 6-51 Telecommunications Processors Modems Convert digital signals from a computer into Analog frequencies that can be transmitted over ordinary telephone lines

52. 6-52 Comparing modem and other technologies

53. 6-53 Internetwork Processors Switch – makes connections between telecommunications circuits in a network Router – intelligent communications processor that interconnects networks based on different protocols Hub – a port switching communications processor Gateway – connects networks using different communications architectures

54. 6-54 Communications Processors

55. 6-55 Telecommunications Processors Multiplexer Allows a single communications channel to carry simultaneous data transmissions from many terminals

56. 6-56 Telecommunications Software Used by servers and other computers to manage network performance Network Operating Systems Middleware

57. 6-57 Network management functions Traffic Management – manage network resources and traffic to avoid congestion and optimize service levels to users Security – provide authentication, encryption, firewall, auditing and enforcement Network Monitoring – troubleshoot and watch over the network, informing network administrators of potential problems before they occur Capacity Planning – survey network resources and traffic patterns and users’ needs to determine how best to accommodate the needs of the network as it grows and changes

58. 6-58 Network Topologies Topology: structure of a network Star: ties end user computers to a central computer Ring: ties local computer processors together in a ring on a relatively equal basis Bus: local processors share the same communications channel

59. 6-59 Network Topologies

60. 6-60 Network Architectures & Protocols Protocol: standard set of rules and procedures for the control of communications in a network Network Architecture: Master plan of standard protocols, hardware, software and interfaces between end users and computer systems Goal of promoting an open, simple, flexible, and efficient telecommunications environment

61. 6-61 OSI & TCP/IP Models Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model A seven-layer model that serves as a standard model for network architectures Model for how messages should be transmitted between two points in a network Each layer adds functions Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) A five layer telecommunications protocol used by the Internet

62. 6-62 OSI & TCP/IP Models

63. 6-63 Internet Telephony Using an Internet connection to pass voice data using IP Voice over IP (VoIP) Skips standard long-distance phone charges

64. 6-64 Bandwidth Frequency range of a telecommunications channel Determines transmission rate Classified in bits per second (bps) Transmission Rates: Narrow-band – low-speed Broadband – high-speed

65. 6-65 Transmission Speeds

66. 6-66 Switching Alternatives Circuit Switching Switch opens a circuit to establish a link between a sender and receiver it remains open until the communication session is completed Packet Switching Break messages into groups called packets Transmit packets separately

67. 6-67 Network Interoperability Ensure that anyone anywhere on one network Can communicate With anyone anywhere on another network Telecommunications as discussed in this chapter wouldn’t be possible without interoperability

68. 6-68 Case 3: Voice Over IP is the Real Thing VoIP works by Digitizing a voice signal, Chopping it into packets, and Sending them over a company’s network or the Internet Packets are reassembled at the destination Minnesota Department of Labor has cut its monthly phone bill in half

69. 6-69 Case Study Questions 1. What are the main benefits that can be gained by companies that switch to VoIP systems? 2. What are some of the major cost factors that may limit a positive rate of return from investments in VoIP projects? 3. Should more companies switch to VoIP systems? Visit the websites of Avaya and Cisco Systems to view their VoIP news, products, and services to help you answer.

70. 6-70 Real World Internet Activity 1. VoIP is becoming a highly competitive marketplace for the delivery of services and the development of software to support the process. Using the Internet, See if you can identify who the major players are in this market. Where do you see the next significant development for VoIP? Do you think the concept will eventually replace conventional telephone technologies? Why or why not?

71. 6-71 Real World Group Activity The original concept for the Internet never included many of the uses we have found for it and consider commonplace today. While Internet2 is on the horizon, we need to think about what uses we may want from the Internet in the future. In small groups, Brainstorm how we might use the Internet in the future. Do we run the risk of overloading the Internet or relying on it too much?