Interlinkages between the GEF Focal Areas: A Report Focusing on the needs of the GEF Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel (STAP) * Focal Areas are: Biodiversity, Climate change, International waters, Land degradation, Ozone depletion, POPs

Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel (STAP) 15 members Diverse expertise and regional representaion Provide advice to the GEF and bring relevant scientific and technical knowledge to the attention of the GEF

GEF Set up post Rio Funding to support the goals and objectives of the Conventions - a catalytic institution Replenishment every four years Current: $US3billion from Projects dispersed through implementing agencies (IAs : WB, UNDP, UNEP) Projects developed within focal areas and within Operational Programs (OPs) Also funds enabling activities (for convention reporting) and capacity building activities

Focal Areas Focal AreaIncludes: Climate ChangeMostly mitigation, but this year on adaptation BiodiversityConcentrates on many ecosystems International WatersRivers, lakes, aquifers, coastal and inland wetlands, Large Marine Ecos Ozone DepletionReduction of Methyl Bromide Multi-Focal (OP #12)Integrated ecosystem management POPs Capacity building, non-combustion disposal technologies

Summary of GEF Investments ( ) Focal AreaGEF Investments ($m) Climate Change Biodiversity International Waters550.8 Ozone Depletion169.9 Multi-Focal (OP #12)210.0 POPs20.9

Operational Programs 15 OPs: multiple ones in some Focal Areas –including in Biodiversity, Climate change and International waters –In Biodiversity, OPs include: Sustainable forestry; Coastal, Marine and Freshwater resources; Arid and semi-arid lands; Mountain ecosystems, Agrobiodiversity More recently multifocal areas added –Integrated Approach to Ecosystem Management (OP#12 - $250m) –Sustainable Land Management (OP#15 - $500m)

Strategic priorities Move to these in the third replenishment –E.g in Biodiversity –Catalyzing Sustainability of Protected Areas –Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Production Landscapes and Sectors –Capacity Building for Implementation of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety –Generation and Dissemination of Best Practices for Addressing Current and Emerging Biodiversity Issues

However,.. most of the projects are still funded in the OPs and thus within one single Focal Areas (note IW in many ways deals with linkages) Hence the need for looking at interlinkages in the Focal Areas

Overall Performance Study 2..integration of global environmental issues into the mainstream development agenda Another reason for looking at interlinkages

STAP in this report would:.. Focus on the scientific and technical basis of the linkages and why they need to be considered What general interventions could be developed that take the interlinkages into account, are sustainable etc Include case studies (GEF and non-GEF funded) that would give insights and are illustrative of what can be (or has been) done to include interlinkages in project design (what could have been changed in projects to take the interlinkages into account) Learning by doing - adaptive management in projects dealing with interlinkages.

Types of interventions (i.e., strategies and policies) potential synergies and tradeoffs between the different focal area –temporal and spatial scale (time lags, thresholds etc)

A possible framework - from current scientific understanding Climate Change Land Degradation Biodiversity Change Internationa l waters Persistent Organic Pollutants Stratospheric ozone depletion Move from the circles to the arrows

MAs Conceptual Framework as an overall framework

Indirect and Direct Drivers of Change Indirect Drivers Demographic Economic (e.g., globalization, trade, market, & policy framework) Socio-political (e.g., governance, institutional, & legal framework) Science and Technology Cultural and religious (e.g., choices about what and how much to consume) Direct Drivers Changes in land use and land cover Species Introductions or removals Biodiversity, international waters Technology adaptation and use Various FA External inputs (e.g. fertilizer use, pest control, irrigation) Biodiversity, IW Harvest and resource consumption (many of the FA( Climate change Natural physical and biological drivers(e.g., volcanoes, evolution)

Alternative way to look - make interlinkages more tangible What are the some of the issues or questions the IAs have in terms of GEF projects (consulting the IAs on this) What are the pressing scientific and socieconomic issues at the global level? Degradation and over exploitation of our land and water resources Management of transboundary watersheds and coastal areas given pressures from pollution, including POPs, land run-off etc Management of Invasive species Management of wetlands

Global issues and focal areas Degradation and over exploitation of our land and water resources Management of transboundary watersheds and coastal areas given pressures from pollution, including POPs, land run-off etc Management of Invasive species Management of wetlands Desing of protected areas Need to have interventions that consider all the FA. Biodiversity, Climate change, International waters, land degradation, POPs, stratospheric ozone depletion

Structure of the Report Executive summary Rationale and Scope –Need for interlinkages amongst the focal areas –A short context setting of work already done An overall framework –Including Introduction to direct and indirect drivers, SPIR, MA CFW Types of interventions (policies, strategies) Translation of these into potential projects (or programmatic approaches Overall about 50 pages Draw on various reports already done internationally and previously by STAP

Timetable Dec 2003 to May 2004 Mid Dec: Distribution of outline to IAs, GEF Sec, Conventions Late Dec : Comments back from IAs, GEFSEC on the outline Jan 2004: STAP member writing meeting to develop the first draft End Jan: Distribution to IAs, GEF Sec, Conventions for comments Mid Feb: Comments back on the first draft 1-4 March: Discussion and further development of the paper at a STAP meeting Early March-mid April: finalisation of the document; Mid April: Briefing to the IAs, GEF Sec and Conventions Mid April: submission to the GEF May Council meeting

Deal with the drivers collectively Deal with sector or ecosystem G&S collectively Multiple pressures or drivers, sectoral and fragmented approach at international and national level Some challenges - to all

Some challenges for GEF specifically Global problems, local impacts, local solutions, local benefits - a problem when looking at the incremental costs for GEF projects; flexibility as in adaptation and now the land degradation

In summary Developing a report on dealing with interlinkages within the GEF focal areas Thus GEF orientated Tight timeframe Work with the UNEP initiative Happy to circulate outlines to people Contact