THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 1861-1924 1917 1917 1917

Key Questions Describe and analyze the long-term social, economic, and political causes of the Russian Revolution, 1861-1917. How and why were the Bolsheviks (a minority party) able to seize and consolidate power in Russia? How was Bolshevik rule similar to and different from the rule of the tsars?

Long-term causes AGRICULTURAL PROBLEMS CONSERVATIVE FORCES BUREAUCRACY, ARMY, GENTRY, CHURCH REFORMS OF ALEX II REVOLUTIONARY FORCES PEOPLE’S WILL---SRs MARXISTS (SDs) KADETS Five members of the People's Will being executed on 3rd April, 1881

Slavophiles v. Westernizers BEGINS WITH DECEMBRIST REVOLT SLAVOPHILES BELIEVE IN UNIQUE ATTRIBUTES OF RUSSIAN SOCIETY--- PEOPLE’S WILL---ANARCHISTS---SRs WESTERNIZERS BELIEVE RUSSIA MUST MODERNIZE OR PERISH Dostoevsky was a notable Slavophile

Russia Industrializes ROLE OF SERGEI WITTE CONCENTRATED IN 2 CITIES – (Moscow & St. Petersburg) IMPACT ON SOCIAL CONDITIONS BORROWING OF CAPITAL CREATES SOCIAL DIVISIONS

Witte’s “prediction” in 1905 “The advance of human progress is unstoppable. The idea of human freedom will triumph, if not by way of reform, then by way of revolution. But in the latter event it will come to life on the ashes of a thousand years of destroyed history. The Russian rebellion, mindless and pitiless, will sweep away everything, turn everything to dust. What kind of Russia will emerge from this unexampled trial transcends human imagination: the horrors of the Russia rebellion may surpass everything known to history. It is possible that foreign intervention will tear the country apart. Attempts to put into practice the ideas of theoretical socialism--they will fail but they will be made--will destory the family, religious faith, property, and law.”

Revolution of 1905 CAUSES: RESULTS: POLICE STATE LOSSES IN RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR UNION ACTIVITY STUDENT DEMONSTRATIONS “BLOODY SUNDAY” RESULTS: OCTOBER MANIFESTO DUMA TEMPORARY LULL GROWING DIVISION BETWEEN TSAR AND REFORMERS

Growing Tension, 1905-14 STOLYPIN REFORMS DUMA V. TSAR ASSASSINATION OF STOLYPIN AND OTHERS PARTIES BECOME MORE RADICAL ROLE OF ARMY AND PROSPECTS FOR WAR Pyotr Stolypin, 1862-1911 3rd Imperial Prime Minister

Russian prisoners of war during WWI Impact of World War I Incompetence of Russian army Supply problems and backward transportation system/industry Major losses at the front Nicholas II “takes command” Morale and attitude of troops Russian prisoners of war during WWI

Russian casualties totaled almost 10,000,000 in WWI WORLD WAR I CASUALTIES Russian casualties totaled almost 10,000,000 in WWI

February Revolution RESULTS Provisional Govt--liberals and socialists tsar abdicates Petrograd Soviet—analogy to France in 1792-93 CAUSES inflation--bread riots growing discontent with tsarism--Rasputin war failures International Women’s Day troops side w/crowd

Provisional Government                                             Alexander Kerensky, second prime minister of the Russian Provisional Government Led by Prince Lvov Continued war--unpopular Army Order No. 1 Rise of Kerensky July Days Kornilov Revolt

Bolsheviks & October Revolution Importance of Lenin--his background April Theses--Bolshevik plan for coup Control of soviets Slogans--”peace, bread, land” & “all power to the soviets” Takeover in October--little opposition Disbanding of Constituent Assembly Congress of People’s Commissars

Lenin’s contribution to Marxism Theories on imperialism and capitalism “Weakest link in the chain” Vanguard party Telescope capitalist phase

Civil War in Russia 1917-1922 EVENTS RESULTS Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Trotsky’s importance Allied support for Whites Bolshevik advantages “War Communism” RESULTS Bolshevik victory Recovery of most lost lands by 1922 Decimation of economy Red Terror/secret police (Cheka/KGB) USSR—1922

The Russian Civil War was finally won by the Bolsheviks led by Lenin The Russian Civil War was finally won by the Bolsheviks led by Lenin. With that victory, Russia was formally called the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) in 1922

The Bolshevik Program Confirm land seizure of peasants Workers’ committees in factories—later work for state Politburo—democratic centralism Dual party-state structure National minorities Dictatorship of proletariat Lenin at a rally in 1921

Stalin ruled with an iron fist from 1928-1953 Division After Lenin, 1924-28 New Economic Policy (1921-24) Rightists (Zinoviev/Kamenev) v. leftists (Trotsky) “Socialism in one country” Role of Stalin—General Secretary Purge of Old Bolsheviks Stalin ruled with an iron fist from 1928-1953