4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Understand the functions and disorders of the female reproductive system

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system Essential questions What are the functions of the female reproductive system? What are some common disorders of the female reproductive system? How do you relate the body’s hormone control to the female reproductive system? How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the female reproductive system? 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Functions of the female reproductive system *Ovary What is the function of the ovary? Produce female germ cells (ova) and the female sex hormones-estrogen and progesterone How many chromosomes are in an oocyte? 23 Did you know a female will produce all of the oocytes she will ever have five months before she is born? 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Functions of the female reproductive system Uterus What is the function of the uterus? It expands to hold the growing fetus 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Functions of the female reproductive system Fallopian tubes What is the function of the *Fallopian tubes (oviducts)? Serves as a passageway for the ova to the uterus each month; *fertilization usually occurs here What are fimbriae and what is their function? Fringelike folds surrounding the ovary that “swoop” the ova into the fallopian tube 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Functions of the female reproductive system Cervix What is the function of the cervix? Allows flow of menstrual blood from the uterus into the vagina, allows entrance of sperm into the uterus, dilates to allow passage of menstruation What instrument is used to observe the cervix? Colposcope

Functions of the female reproductive system Vagina Three functions: 1. Accomodates the penis during intercourse 2. Allows flow of blood during menstruation 3. Permits a baby to pass through the vaginal canal during the birth process 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Functions of the female reproductive system External genitalia (vulva) Provide protection for the internal female reproductive organs Contains the external organs of the reproductive area. ~Mons pubis-fat pad covered with hair; lies over the symphysis pubis ~Clitoris-located above the urethra, contains many nerve endings, provides sexual pleasure for the female ~Perineum-area between the vagina and the rectum

Functions of the female reproductive system Mammary glands (breasts) What is an accessory organ? Contributes to the function of another organ What is the function of the breasts? Production of milk for the baby (prolactin stimulates the production of milk) Areola-the darker area surrounding the nipple 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Functions of the female reproductive system Menstrual Cycle (*MENSTRUATION)-the normal periodic discharge of the endometrial lining of the uterus Usually 28 days Four stages Follicle stage Ovulation stage Corpus luteum stage Menstruation stage *What is the first menstrual cycle called? *Menarche *Menopause “change of life” is when the period ends, usually between age of 45-55; removal of the ovaries (oophorectomy) can cause menopause to occur

Functions of the female reproductive system Follicle stage Usually lasts about 10 days Follicle-stimulating (FSH) hormone is released by the pituitary FSH stimulates the follicle and ovum to mature resulting in the release of estrogen and preparation of the uterine lining 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Functions of the female reproductive system Ovulation stage The pituitary stops producing FSH and starts producing luteinizing hormone (LH) At day 14 in the menstrual cycle, the follicle ruptures and the ovum is released (ovulation occurs) 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Functions of the female reproductive system *Corpus luteum stage “luteal stage” *Secretes progesterone and continues to do so IF the egg is fertilized, preventing further ovulation and maintaining the uterine lining to support the pregnancy Lasts about 14 days Which hormone is secreted by the implanted fertilized egg? Progesterone 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Functions of the female reproductive system Menstruation stage Final stage if fertilization of the ova has not taken place Progesterone production stops The uterine lining is broken down and discharged over the course of 3 to 6 days 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Functions of the female reproductive system Check your knowledge... 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Disorders of the female reproductive system *Breast cancer The leading cause of death in women between the ages of 32 and 52 Treatment Chemotherapy Radiation therapy Partial or full mastectomy Lumpectomy *Life saving measures Monthly breast exams *Mammogram Ultrasound Abnormal Normal 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Disorders of the female reproductive system Self breast exam Using a mirror, inspect your breasts with your arms at your sides Look for any changes in contour, swelling, dimpling of skin, or appearance of the nipple. Using the pads of your fingers, press firmly on your breast, checking the entire breast and armpit area. There are three patterns you can use to examine your breast: the circular, the up-and-down, and the wedge patterns. Gently squeeze the nipple of each breast and report any discharge to your doctor immediately. Examine both breasts lying down. To examine the right breast, place a pillow under your right shoulder and place your right hand behind your head. Using the pads of your fingers, press firmly, checking the entire breast and armpit area. 1 4 2 5 3 6 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Disorders of the female reproductive system *Cervical Cancer Major cause of cervical cancer: Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) How is it communicated? Sexually transmitted *Annual pap smears help with early detection of cervical cancer of receiving the HPV vaccine? What are the benefits 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Disorders of the female reproductive system *Endometriosis-endometrial tissue is found outside the uterus and there is no way for the menstrual blood to leave the body *Symptoms: abdominal pain, pain during menstruation, pain during or after intercourse, excessive, heavy/irregular bleeding *Side effects: Scar tissue, damage of reproductive organs, sterility Treatment: Laparoscopic surgery and removal of tissue, hormonal meds to stop ovulation, anti-inflammatory meds; it usually goes away with menopause Laparoscopy-insertion of a lighted Instrument into the abdominal cavity

Disorders of the female reproductive system *Mastitis-inflammation of breast tissue *Causes: A blocked milk duct or bacteria enters from the skin’s surface and/or baby’s mouth through a cracked nipple during breastfeeding *Symptoms: breast is red, swollen and painful Treament: Antibiotics 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Disorders of the female reproductive system Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)-infections that occur in the reproductive organs and spread to the fallopian tubes and peritoneal cavity; may occur due to gonorrhea What are some complications of PID? Possible scarring of the fallopian tubes; infertility How is PID treated? Antibiotics, pain meds 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Disorders of the female reproductive system Polycystic ovarian syndrome-hormonal disorder in women during their reproductive years; enlarged ovaries with many cysts Cause: Unknown Symptoms: few periods, heavy/irregular bleeding, acne, depression, hair loss but hair growth on face, chest, back, stomach, weight gain Treatment: Exercise, healthy diet, weight control, don’t smoke, meds to regulate hormones

Disorders of the female reproductive system *Toxic shock syndrome-bacterial infection caused by a staphylococcus organism; can be caused by wearing or misusing super-absorbent tampons *Symptoms-hypotension, abdominal tenderness, respiratory distress, renal failure How is it treated? Probably hospitalized to receive antibiotics 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Disorders of the female reproductive system *Vaginal yeast infection-caused by overgrowth of Candida albicans when the environment of the vagina is altered and the vagina becomes less acidic; often follows use of antibiotics How can it be prevented? Avoid tight fitting nonabsorbent under-wear, feminine hygiene spray, talc, perfumes, douching How is it treated? Fungicidal agents (vaginal inserts/creams) Not a sexually transmitted illness. However, sexual partners may be infected and need to be treated to prevent re-infection.

Relevance of nutrients to the female reproductive system Did you know??? The female reproductive system plays a vital role in homeostasis Help regulate hormonal balance and fetal development during pregnancy Vitamin D- prevents osteoporosis Iron- helps hemoglobin deliver oxygen Magnesium- helps prevent heart disease, diabetes, and colon cancer 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Understand the functions and disorders of the male reproductive system

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system Essential questions What is the function of the male reproductive system? What are some common disorders of the male reproductive system? How do you relate the body’s hormone control to the male and female reproductive systems 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Functions of the male reproductive system Hormone production What is the male sex hormone? TESTOSTERONE What does it do? Stimulates the growth and development of the male reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics (deep voice, increased muscle mass, body hair)

Function of the male reproductive system Define reproduction 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Functions of the male reproductive system: Sperm are produced in the testes The testes contain: Seminiferous tubules- this is where spermatogenesis (formation of sperm) occurs Epididymis-help in the final development of sperm and store sperm 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Functions of the male reproductive system Sperm (spermatozoa, male gametes) What is the function of the sperm? To fertilize a egg and transmit genetic information How many sperm does the average male have? 100 million in 1mL of ejaculated fluid How is this different from the female reproductive system?

Functions of the male reproductive system: Discuss the functions of these structures: Vas deferens-carries sperm out of the testes Ejaculatory duct-discharge contents (sperm) into the urethra What is their relevance to health and reproduction? 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Functions of the male reproductive system: *Seminal vesicles-produce secretions to nourish and protect the sperm on its journey up the female reproductive tract What would happen if this was not working? 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Functions of the male reproductive system: *Urethra-serves the reproductive and urinary systems How does the urethra serve the reproductive system? Discharge of reproductive contents Connects with what structure of the urinary system? Urinary meatus to empty urine 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Functions of the male reproductive system: Prostate gland *Function of the prostate gland-Produces a fluid that enhances sperm motility and assists with the expulsion of sperm. 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Functions of the male reproductive system: Bulbourethral glands Also called Cowper’s gland What is the function of the secretion produced by the bulbourethral glands? Add alkaline secretions to the semen How is it important to reproduction? 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Functions of the male reproductive system: What is the reproductive function of the penis? When a male becomes aroused, nerve impulses cause the erectile tissue to engorge with blood which makes the erectile tissue increase in size and become firm; impulses are sent to the ejaculatory center and orgasm occurs; secretions are expelled into the urethra and engorgement subsides   4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Functions of the male reproductive system: *Pathway of sperm from spermatogenesis to ejaculation: Testes >> epididymis >> vas deferens >> ejaculatory duct >> urethra   4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments Cryptorchidism-one or both testicles fail to move into the scrotum before birth Who will have this condition? Babies What are the risks if left untreated? Infertility What is the treatment? Surgery Testes are formed in the abdomen in the embryo and then descend into the scrotum

Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments Epididymitis-infection of the epididymis What are the most common causes epididymitis? STD’s, urinary tract infections, prostate infections, certain meds, tuberculosis, urine in the epididymis 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments Erectile Dysfunction Aka: impotence Failure of the penis to become rigid enough for intercourse to occur. CAUSES: Acute Chronic TREATMENT: Lifestyle changes, therapy, implants, meds

Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments *Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)-enlarged prostate Common *symptoms :dysuria and urinary retention Who is most likely to develop BPH? Men in their 60’s and 70’s How is it treated? Depends on symptoms, prostatectomy is the usual treatment Is it cancer? NO 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments Prostate cancer What age group is most susceptible to prostate cancer? Males over 50 How is it treated? Prostatectomy, radiation, chemotherapy What are the reproductive side effects to treatment? 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments *Testicular cancer What the risk factors for developing testicular cancer? Men 25-40, Cryptorchidism, family history, race, HIV What are the most likely *symptoms? Painless lump, swelling, back pain, heavy feeling in abdomen, breast development

Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments Testicular self-examination Testicular self-examination is an examination of the testicles. The testicles (also called the testes) are the male reproductive organs that produce sperm and the hormone testosterone. They are located in the scrotum under the penis. Perform this test during or after a shower. This way, the scrotal skin is warm and relaxed. It's best to do the test while standing. 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments Testicular self-examination 1.Gently feel your scrotal sac to locate a testicle. 2.Hold the testicle with one hand while firmly but gently rolling the fingers of the other hand over the testicle to examine the entire surface. 3.Repeat the procedure with the other testicle. You may perform a testicular self-exam every month if you have any of the following risk factors: •Family history of testicular cancer •Past testicular tumor •Undescended testicle •You are a teenager or young adult 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Reproductive process: conception 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system Reproductive process Conception -ZYGOTE-when the sperm and the egg unite -pregnancy occurs 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Reproductive process: fertilization Discuss the process of conception. Sperm (100 million) is deposited in the vagina (sperm live for a day or two, but it may take up to 2 weeks for them to degenerate); the sperm swim toward the ovum. One sperm penetrates the ovum and fertilizes the egg creating a zygote. All inherited traits are established at the time of fertilization.

Functions of the female reproductive system Pregnancy Define pregnancy: the period from conception to birth What is the human gestational period? 9 months/40 weeks Terms to remember: Embryo 1-8 weeks Fetus 9-40 weeks Newborn At birth

Reproductive process: fetal development 6-8 weeks 12-14 weeks 17-19 weeks 5-6 months 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Functions of the female reproductive system Labor Dilation stage The uterine smooth muscle begins to contract Contractions move the fetus down the uterus and cause the cervix to dilate The cervix is completely dilated at 10 centimeters Which hormone stimulates uterine contractions? OXYTOCIN

Functions of the female reproductive system Expulsion stage The baby is actually delivered Natural Cesarean What is an episiotomy? Why might it be necessary? 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Functions of the female reproductive system Placental stage The last stage of labor Also known as afterbirth Delivered due to final uterine contractions 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Disorders of the female reproductive system Ectopic pregnancy What does ectopic mean? What are some symptoms of ectopic pregnancy? What is the most common treatment option? What are the risk factors? 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Disorders of the female reproductive system Postpartum depression New mothers often feel restless, anxious, fatigued and worthless Some new moms worry they will hurt themselves or their babies Unlike the "baby blues," postpartum depression does not go away quickly Causes: No single cause, could be related to physical, emotional or lifestyle changes

Disorders of the female reproductive system Infertility Unable to become pregnant after a year of trying If a woman keeps having spontaneous abortions, it is also called infertility In Vitro ZIFT GIFT 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Disorders of the male reproductive system Infertility Failure for pregnancy to occur after one year of trying to conceive Discuss the causes of infertility in the male. Abnormal production of sperm, cancer, age, alcohol, drugs, environmental factors What are some treatment options? Treat the cause X 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Reproductive process: Female contraception Abstinence Sterilization Tubal ligation Barrier methods Female condom Spermicides Diaphragm Cervical cap Contraceptive sponge Hormonal Methods *Birth Control Pills-contain estrogen and progesterone to prevent ovulation Depo-Provera Lunelle NuvaRing/Vaginal Ring Ortho Evra Patch/Birth Control Patch Intrauterine Device (IUD) 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Reproductive process: male contraception ~Abstinence ~*Vasectomy-sterilization for the male; the vas deferens is severed Vas / ectomy Permanent ~Condoms Compare the benefits and concerns with each form of male contraception. 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

Sexually transmitted infections (page 468-471) Chlamydia Genital warts *Gonorrhea Herpes HIV Syphilis Trichomonas Effects females and males. May or may not present symptoms. May or may not have a cure! 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system Terms to know: Amenorrhea-absence of the menstrual cycle Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)-group of symptoms that occur prior to menstruation Dysmenorrhea-painful menstruation Menorrhagia-abnormal, excessive, prolonged menstruation Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage)-unintentional loss of pregnancy Elective abortion-planned termination of pregnancy Papanicolaou (pap) smear-sample of cell scrapings is taken from the cervix for study under the microscope 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system Essential questions What are the functions of the female reproductive system? What are some common disorders of the female reproductive system? What is the function of the male reproductive system? What are some common disorders of the male reproductive system? How do the male and female reproductive system work together? How do you relate the body’s hormone control to the male and female reproductive systems? 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system