Radiation-Enhanced Diffusion of La in Ceria Summary NERI-C collaboration to study actinide surrogate and fission gas behavior in UO 2. Started with CeO 2 —development of UO 2 fabrication facilities required time. Use of thin film samples with controlled microstructure and impurity content. Behaviors of interest: diffusion, segregation, bubble formation; influence of grain boundaries. Techniques: Experimental—SIMS, XAS, XPS, RBS, TEM. Computational—kMC, DFT, MD. Outline Introduction to thermal diffusion and radiation-enhanced diffusion (RED). CeO 2 system—cation vs. anion sublattice, film characterization Experimental results—SIMS profiles, analysis to determine diffusivities. Discussion of results—diffusivity vs. temperature, three temperature regimes, influence of vacancies on oxygen anion sublattice. Results of UO 2 + Nd. 9/19/2015 NERI PROJECT NO
9/19/2015NERI PROJECT NO Acknowledgements University of Illinois J. Stubbins, R. Averback. P. Bellon, J. Eckstein H. Pappas, M. Strehle, H. Ju, M. El-Bakhshwan, X. Han, D. Heuser. T. Spilla, D. Jeffers, S. Burdin Funding DOE NEUP/NERI-C program UIUC MRL and DOE
Diffusion—Microscopic point of view Diffusion processes at microscopic scale coupled to lattice defects in crystalline solid thermal vacancy Vacancy self-diffusion VSD Interstitial self-diffusion-- these arrangements are called crowdions Classical picture—transition state theory yields jump frequency over saddle point saddle point D(T)=D o exp(-E a /kT)
Radiation-Enhanced Diffusion Radiation damage elevates point defect population above thermal equilibrium. Thermally-driven transport of point defects to sinks leads to segregation, phase separation, bubble formation. RED—combination of point defect formation under bombardment and thermally-driven transport (i.e., diffusion). 9/19/2015NERI PROJECT NO
9/19/2015NERI PROJECT NO Crystal Structure Fluorite Structure—anions red, cations white CeO2 Tm=2673 K a= A UO2 Tm=3138 K a=5.466 A
9/19/2015NERI PROJECT NO Molecular Beam Epitaxy R-plane sapphire + CeO2 or UO2 Lattice mismatch: CeO2 <2% UO2 <1%
9/19/2015NERI PROJECT NO Magnetron Sputtering System at Illinois Targets: depleted U; Ce; Nd Power Supply: 3 DC; 1 RF Gas Supply: O 2 : 0 to 10 sccm Ar: 1 to 100 sccm Max. T s =850 C
9/19/2015NERI PROJECT NO XRD Analysis of MBE CeO 2 film Specular Scan Rocking Curve In-plane Scan
9/19/2015NERI PROJECT NO Experimental Facilities at Illinois Microanalytical: AES, SIMS, RBS, XRD/XRR, TEM, SEM, AFM. Implantation/Bombardment: tandem van de Graaff ( MeV; H, He, Xe, Kr, Ne; ~100 nA)
9/19/2015NERI PROJECT NO SIMS Results—RT 2Dt = ( irr ) 2 – ( ref ) 2 La depth profiles Ballistic mixing parameter = Dt /F D = 4 Å 5 /eV 1.8 MeV Kr + bombardment Variable fluence; constant T
9/19/2015NERI PROJECT NO SIMS Results—Elevated T La depth profiles 1.8 MeV Kr + bombardment Variable T; constant fluence [3a] Kinetic Rate Theory K—Frenkel pair production rate K~0.02 1/s (heavy ion) K~ /s (fast neutron) K v,i —defect removal rates at sinks v,i—point defect fractions under bombardment v o —thermal equil. vacancy fraction
9/19/2015NERI PROJECT NO Steady-State Solutions to Kinetic Rate Theory Total vacancy fraction Total interstitial fraction Diffusivities due to Frenkel defects Total diffusivity
9/19/2015NERI PROJECT NO Three Temperature Regimes Low T <800K Intermediate T High T >1100K D’≠T Recombination limited: v+i=0 Sink limited: v dislocation i dislocation VSD
9/19/2015NERI PROJECT NO Diffusivity versus Temperature VSD RED VSD D(T)=D o exp(-E a /kT)
9/19/2015NERI PROJECT NO Discussion Cation vs. Anion diffusion. +3 dopant-anion vacancy cluster. No influence from grain boundaries.
9/19/2015NERI PROJECT NO UO 2 Single Crystal Film Growth on YSZ
9/19/2015NERI PROJECT NO SIMS on UO 2 + Nd