Blood Made of Made of –Plasma 55%– liquid part of blood (water, proteins) –Formed elements 45%– rbc’s, wbc’s, platelets –Buffy coat – wbc and platelets Average person 4-6L Average person 4-6L 7.4 pH, acidosis if falls below pH, acidosis if falls below 7.35

Blood types Antigen – substance that stimulates the body to make antibodies, almost always foreign substances that entered from outside the body Antigen – substance that stimulates the body to make antibodies, almost always foreign substances that entered from outside the body Antibody – made by the body to help agglutinate (clump) the antigens Antibody – made by the body to help agglutinate (clump) the antigens

Blood types AA, AO, BB, BO, AB, OO AA, AO, BB, BO, AB, OO “A” blood type means that it contains a certain antigen on plasma membrane of rbc, present from birth, therefore body does not build antibodies against them. “A” blood type means that it contains a certain antigen on plasma membrane of rbc, present from birth, therefore body does not build antibodies against them. Antibodies for B are present in plasma and there from birth, unknown why Antibodies for B are present in plasma and there from birth, unknown why

Rh System Rh positive – rbc contains antigen for Rh factor Rh positive – rbc contains antigen for Rh factor Rh negative – no antigen on rbc Rh negative – no antigen on rbc Erythroblastosis fetalis – Rh – mom and Rh+ dad, baby is Rh+, can introduce anti Rh antigens into moms body, causing concern in next pregnancy Erythroblastosis fetalis – Rh – mom and Rh+ dad, baby is Rh+, can introduce anti Rh antigens into moms body, causing concern in next pregnancy RhoGAM – protein that prevents mom’s body from producing anti Rh antibodies RhoGAM – protein that prevents mom’s body from producing anti Rh antibodies

Blood Plasma Salts, foods, oxygen, carbon dioxide and plasma proteins Salts, foods, oxygen, carbon dioxide and plasma proteins Plasma proteins – Plasma proteins – –Albumins – thicken blood –Globulins – includes antibodies that protect from infections –fibrinogen and prothrombin – clotting Serum – plasma minus the clotting factors Serum – plasma minus the clotting factors

Formed elements Erythrocytes – rbc, 5 million in 1 drop of blood Erythrocytes – rbc, 5 million in 1 drop of blood Leukocytes – wbc, 7500 Leukocytes – wbc, 7500 –Granular  Neutrophils  Eosinophils  Basophils –Non-granular  Lymphocytes  monocytes Thrombocytes - Platelets – 300,000 Thrombocytes - Platelets – 300,000

Hematopoiesis - Blood formation Myeloid tissue – Red bone marrow Myeloid tissue – Red bone marrow –Sternum, ribs, hip bones lymphatic tissue – forms most lymphocytes and monocytes lymphatic tissue – forms most lymphocytes and monocytes –Found in lymph nodes, thymus and spleen Hemoglobin – red pigment, carries oxygen Hemoglobin – red pigment, carries oxygen

Blood tests CBC – complete blood cell count, values of each type of cell count, ranges CBC – complete blood cell count, values of each type of cell count, ranges Hematocrit – information on the volume of rbc’s in a blood sample using a centrifuge Hematocrit – information on the volume of rbc’s in a blood sample using a centrifuge

Red Blood cell disorders Polycythemia – overproduction of RBC’s Polycythemia – overproduction of RBC’s –Increase viscosity –Slows blood flow –Can lead to hypertension, coagulation problems, hemorrhages…. –Treatment – blood removal, irradiation of bone marrow, chemotherapy treatment to suppress production of RBC’s

Anemia low oxygen carrying capacity of blood (low #’s of RBC’s or problems with hemoglobin) low oxygen carrying capacity of blood (low #’s of RBC’s or problems with hemoglobin) –Hemorrhagic – due to hemorrhage or bleeding, acute or chronic –Aplastic – destruction of bone marrow, exposure to toxins –Pernicious – vit. B deficiency, or intrinsic factor (allows vit B to be absorbed) –Iron deficiency – iron is required to make hemoglobin –Hemolytic – decreased RBC life span due to increase rate of destruction, sickle cell anemia, Thalassemia

White Blood Cells - Leukocytes Granular Granular –Neutrophils – phagocytes –Eosinophils – protection against parasite infections, allergic reactions –Basophils – react in inflammatory reactions Agranular Agranular –Lymphocytes – protection, immune mechanism, B (antibodies) and T (attack bacteria) –Monocytes – largest, phagocytes

White Blood Cell disorders Multiple myeloma – cancer of B lymphocytes Multiple myeloma – cancer of B lymphocytes Leukemia – blood cancers affecting the WBCs, elevated WBC levels, Leukemia – blood cancers affecting the WBCs, elevated WBC levels, –Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), adult –Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), children –Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), adults –Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) Infectious Mononucleosis – young adults, viral, kissing disease Infectious Mononucleosis – young adults, viral, kissing disease

Platelets and blood clotting Blood clot  injury to vessel  clotting factor released  form prothrombin activator Blood clot  injury to vessel  clotting factor released  form prothrombin activator –Platelets become sticky at point of injury and form a platelet plug. –Platelets release clotting factors –Prothrombin is converted to thrombin –Thrombin reacts with fibrogen to change into fibrin.

Clotting Vitamin K stimulates liver to produce more prothrombin  faster clot Vitamin K stimulates liver to produce more prothrombin  faster clot Coumadin – anticoagulant, inhibit synthesis of prothrombin Coumadin – anticoagulant, inhibit synthesis of prothrombin Heparin – inhibits conversion of prothrombin to thrombin Heparin – inhibits conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

Clotting disorders Thrombus- clot stays stationary, throbosis Thrombus- clot stays stationary, throbosis Embolus – clot travels, embolism Embolus – clot travels, embolism Hemophilia – X-linked disorder, failure to produce clotting factors Hemophilia – X-linked disorder, failure to produce clotting factors Thrombocytopenia – decrease in platelet count usually caused by bone marrow destruction due to radiation, drugs, cancer Thrombocytopenia – decrease in platelet count usually caused by bone marrow destruction due to radiation, drugs, cancer

WBC Count Leukopenia – abnormally low WBC count Leukopenia – abnormally low WBC count Leukocytosis – abnormally high WBC count Leukocytosis – abnormally high WBC count Differential WBC count – each type reported as % of total count Differential WBC count – each type reported as % of total count