1 Computer System Categories Mainframe Computers Midrange Computers Microcomputers

2 Trends in Computer System Capabilities First Generation First Generation Second Generation Second Generation Third Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Fifth Generation Vacuum Tubes Vacuum Tubes Solid-State Integrated Circuits Integrated Circuits LSI, VLSI Micro- processors LSI, VLSI Micro- processors Greater Power, Smaller Footprint Greater Power, Smaller Footprint Trend: Toward Smaller, Faster, More Reliable, and Less Costly Trend: Toward Easy to Purchase, and Easy to Maintain

3 Microcomputer Systems  Handheld Computers PDA,  Notebook Computers  Desktop Computers  Workstations  Network Server Powerful microcomputer used in small LANs

4 Network Computers and Terminals  Network Computer (Thin Client)  NetPC  Network Terminal Benefits  Lower purchase cost  Easier maintenance  Easier software distribution and licensing  Computer platform standardization  Reduced end user support requirements  Improved manageability

5 Computer System Components Central Processing Unit Output Devices Cache Memory Primary Storage Secondary Storage Devices Control Unit ALU Special Purpose Processors Output Device s Input Device s

6 Input Technology Trends First Generation First Generation Second Generation Second Generation Third Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Fifth Generation Punched Cards Paper Tape Punched Cards Paper Tape Punched Cards Punched Cards Key to Tape/ Disk Key to Tape/ Disk Keyboard Data Entry Pointing Devices Optical Scanning Keyboard Data Entry Pointing Devices Optical Scanning Voice Recognition Touch Devices Handwriting Recognition Voice Recognition Touch Devices Handwriting Recognition Trend: Towards Direct Input Devices that Are More Natural and Easy to Use

7 Common Input Devices  Keyboard  Pointing Devices  Pen Based Computing  Speech Recognition  Optical Scanning  Magnetic Ink Character Recognition  Smart Cards  Digital Cameras

8 Output Technology Trends First Generation First Generation Second Generation Second Generation Third Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Fifth Generation Punched Cards Printed Reports and Documents Punched Cards Printed Reports and Documents Punched Cards Printed Reports and Documents Punched Cards Printed Reports and Documents Printed Reports and Documents Video Displays Printed Reports and Documents Video Displays Audio Responses Printed Reports and Documents Video Displays Audio Responses Printed Reports and Documents Video Displays Voice Responses Hyperlinked Multimedia Documents Video Displays Voice Responses Hyperlinked Multimedia Documents Trend: Towards Output Methods that Communicate Naturally, Quickly, and Clearly

9 Common Output Devices  Video Output CRT LCD  Printed Output Inkjet Laser

10 Storage Trends First Generation First Generation Second Generation Second Generation Third Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Fifth Generation Magnetic Drum Magnetic Drum Magnetic Core Magnetic Core Magnetic Core Magnetic Core LSI Semiconductor Memory Chips LSI Semiconductor Memory Chips VLSI Semiconductor Memory Chips VLSI Semiconductor Memory Chips Trend : Towards Large Capacities Using Smaller Microelectronic Circuits Trend: Towards Massive Capacities Using Magnetic and Optical Media Magnetic Tape Magnetic Drum Magnetic Tape Magnetic Drum Magnetic Tape Magnetic Disk Magnetic Tape Magnetic Disk Magnetic Tape Magnetic Disk Magnetic Tape Magnetic Disk Optical Disk Magnetic Tape Magnetic Disk Optical Disk Magnetic Tape Optical Disk Magnetic Disk Optical Disk Magnetic Disk Primary Storage Primary Storage Secondary Storage Secondary Storage

11 Components of an Information System

12 Categories of Computer Software General- Purpose Programs General- Purpose Programs Application- Specific Programs Application- Specific Programs System Management Programs System Management Programs System Development Programs System Development Programs Application Software Application Software Computer Software Computer Software System Software System Software

13 Trends in Computer Software First Generation First Generation Second Generation Second Generation Third Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Fifth Generation User-Written Programs Machine Languages Packaged Programs Symbolic Languages Operating Systems High-Level Languages DBMS Fourth-Generation Languages Microcomputer Packages Natural & Object-Oriented Languages Multipurpose Graphic- Interface Network-Enabled Expert-Assisted Packages Trend: Toward Easy-to-Use Multipurpose Network-Enabled Application Packages for Productivity and Collaboration Trend: Toward Visual or Conversational Programming Languages and Tools

14 Common General- Purpose Applications  Electronic Mail  Word Processing  Presentation Graphics  Multimedia  Personal Information Manager  Groupware

15 Database Management Packages Database Development Database Maintenance Database Interrogation Application Development Primary Tasks of Database Management Packages Primary Tasks of Database Management Packages

16 Key Technologies of Multimedia Video Capture Card Video Capture Card Authoring Language Authoring Language Storyboard Compact Disk Interactive Compact Disk Interactive Sound Board Compressed Audio Compressed Audio Digital Video Interactive Digital Video Interactive MIDI Computer Edit System Computer Edit System Interactive Video Interactive Video Digital Audio Multimedia Technologies

17 Business Enterprise Application Software Customer Relationship Management Human Resource Management Accounting and Financial Management Supply Chain Management Enterprise Resource Planning Business Decision Support

18 Functions of an Operating System Resource Management Resource Management Task Management Task Management User Interface User Interface File Management File Management Utilities and Other Functions Utilities and Other Functions

19 Programming Language Translation Language Translation Process Language Translation Process Source Program Machine Language Object Program Written in BASIC, COBOL, etc. Language Translator Program Compiler Interpreter Assembler IF A := B THEN

20 McGraw-Hill Video / 2002 Updates  Using Data Bases to Predict Market Behavior: Logical Information Machines ( 10:18 )

21 Logical Data Elements Employee Record 2 Employee Record 1 Employee Record 3 Employee Record 4 NameSSSalaryNameSSSalaryNameSSSalaryNameSSSalary Data Personnel Database Payroll File Benefit s File

22 Operating System Database Management System Application Programs Operating System Database Management System Application Programs Databases Data Dictionary Database Management Database Development Database Interrogation Database Maintenance Application Development Database Management Systems

23 Network Server Network Server External Databases on the Internet & Online Services Client PC or NC Operational Databases of the Organization Data Mart End User Databases Data Warehouse Distributed Databases on Intranets & Other Networks Major Types of Databases

24 Data Warehouse and Data Mining Client PC or NC Analytical Data Store Enterprise Warehouse Data Mart Data Acquisition Subsystem Warehouse Design Subsystem Data Management Subsystem Data Access and Delivery Subsystem Data Access and Delivery Subsystem Web Information System Web Information System Operational Databases Metadata Directory Metadata Repository Metadata Management Subsystem

25 Web-Based Systems Web Browser Web Server Software Web Server Software Network Server The Internet Intranets Extranets Client PCs or NCs HTML pages GIF image files Video files Web Objects

26 Data Resource Management Data Administration Data Planning Database Administration

27 Database Structures Employee 2 Employee 2 A Empno EnameEtitle Dept 1 2B 3C Relational Structure Network Structure Hierarchical Structure Employee 3 Project B Project A Dept DnameDlocDmgr A B C Employee 2 Employee 1 Project A Employee 1 Dept A Dept B Dept Project B

28 Database Structures (cont) East West Denver Feb Actual Budget Margin Sales TV VCR TV VCR Multidimensional Database Structure Attributes Customer Balance Operations Deposit Withdraw Bank Account Object Attributes Credit Line Mthly Statement Operations Calculate Interest Print Mthly Statement Checking Account Object Attributes Credit Line Mthly Statement Operations Calculate Interest Print Mthly Statement Savings Account Object Object-Oriented Database Structure

29 Key Fields Sequential Access Sequential Organization Indexed Sequential Access Method Key Transformation Direct Access URLs Accessing Files and Databases

30 Database Development User Needs Description User Needs Description 1. Data Planning Enterprise Model 2. Requirements Specifications 2. Requirements Specifications 3. Conceptual Design 4. Logical Design Physical Models 5. Physical Design Data Models Logical Models

31 McGraw-Hill Video / 2002 Updates  Emerging technologies: AT&T and the future in telecommunications ( 13:04 )

32 Trends in Telecommunications More electronic commerce, enterprise collaboration, online business operations and strategic advantage in markets More vendors, carriers, alliances, and network services, accelerated by deregulation & Internet growth Extensive Internet, interconnected local & global digital networks, improved transmission channels Industry Trends Technology Trends Application Trends

33 Telecommunications Strategic Capabilities Overcome Geographic Barriers: Capture information about business transactions from remote locations. Overcome Geographic Barriers: Capture information about business transactions from remote locations. Overcome Time Barriers: Provide information to remote locations immediately after it is requested. Overcome Time Barriers: Provide information to remote locations immediately after it is requested. Overcome Cost Barriers: Reduce the cost of more traditional means of communications. Overcome Cost Barriers: Reduce the cost of more traditional means of communications. Overcome Structural Barriers: Support linkages for competitive advantage. Overcome Structural Barriers: Support linkages for competitive advantage.

34 Business Value from e-Commerce Applications Increase Customer Loyalty & Retention Reduce the Cost of Doing Business Generate New Revenue Sources Attract New Customers Deriving Business Value from e-Commerce Applications Deriving Business Value from e-Commerce Applications Develop New Markets & Channels Develop New Web-based Products

35 Basic Components in a Telecommunications Network Telecommunications Software Telecommunications Software PCs, NCs, and Other Terminals Computers Telecommunications Channels and Media Telecommunications Processors

36 Wide Area Networks

37 Local Area Networks Network Server Network Server Shared Database and Software Packages Shared Printer PC Internetwork Processor to Other Networks

38 Client Server Networking Client Systems Servers Host Systems/ Superservers Host Systems/ Superservers

39 Telecommunications Communication Media  Twisted Pair  Coaxial Cable  Fiber Optics  Terrestrial Microwave  Communication Satellites Cellular Technologies  Wireless LAN

40 Telecommunications Processors and Software  Modems  Multiplexers  Internetwork Processors Switches Routers Hubs Gateways  Fire walls  Network Operating System  Telecommunications Monitor  Middleware  Network Management Software

41 Network Topologies

42 The Internet’s TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol Application or Process Layer Internet Protocol (IP) Host-to-Host Transport Layer Network Interface Physical Layer Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer OSI Model

43 Protocol  A set of rules and procedures for the control of communications in a communications network