Septamber-2014

The purpose of imposing sanctions on the target country is to force it’s government to respect human rights, but sometimes they themselves violate human rights ! Sanctions have violated human rights in Cuba

Human Rights which may be Violated by Sanction

The US instituted trade sanctions against Cuba in 1960 Reducing the negative effect on health care system by : Subsidized trade and aid from the former Soviet Union, countries in the socialist bloc, and western Europe Government’s emphasizing on Public health and universal access to free medical care Crumbling the socialist bloc in the late 1980s lost $4 to $6 billion annually in subsidized trade lack of currency to purchase drugs and medical equipment in western Europe Limited access to the raw materials needed for manufacture pharmaceutical products through the eastern bloc The US Sanction Against Cuba

Passage of the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992: Prohibiting foreign subsidiaries of U.S. companies from trading with Cuba → Much more severity for Cuban Passage of the Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act (TSRA) in October 2000: allowing sale of agricultural goods and medicine to Cuba for humanitarian reasons→ Increasing food export to Cuba Continuing sanctions on Cuba for over 5 decades The US Sanction Against Cuba

Some of Health Indices in Cuba in 2012 Neonatal mortality rate Infant mortality rate Under-5 mortality rate Maternal mortality ratio Births attended By skilled health staff Death rate Life expectancy at birth Per 1,000 live births Per 100,000 live births % of total Per 1,000 people Years

Cuba is one of the best in infant, child and maternal mortality rates among developing countries due to: A strong family doctor program Food rationing Routine monitoring of weight and weight gain among pregnant women and young children Medical surveillance of pregnancies Investments in general education A high degree of social unity regarding child health Subsidies on Healthcare High share of public Health expenditure of total health expenditure (over 94 percent in 2012)

-Note that: During the worst years of the economic decline ( GDP growth was around -15% in 1993) and retooling of the health system, in 1993 and 1994, were poor health outcomes recorded. There was another decline in 2009 with weaker dimension (around 1.5 % GDP growth)

About half of all proteins and calories in Cuba were imported prior to sanctions. The Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 reflects one of the few sanctions worldwide that explicitly includes food and further defines trading restrictions that block access to medical supplies. Importation of foodstuffs declined by about 50 per cent from 1989 to After passage of TSRA In 2000, the US food export to Cuba increased: Since 2002, the USA has been the major supplier of food and agricultural products to Cuba. Year The USA export food To Cuba

Sanctions make it difficult for Cuba to import medicine and medicinal equipment from the US: preventing Cubans from benefiting from vital medicines and medical equipment essential for their health Most of new pharmaceuticals have been produced by US- patented companies → These are rare in Cuba : Cuban Health is threatened. Doctors and patients in Cuba always worry that sanctions leave medical equipment without replacement parts and patients without continuity of medications.

Year Laboratory Testing Instruments Medicinal equipment Pharmaceutical Preparations Total US Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Exports to Cuba

Good performance of Cuba’s government has decreased the detrimental effects of sanctions The U.S. embargo has negative effects on Cuban Health. so it is immoral. It violates human rights in Cuba Sanctions has hurt health and nutrition of vulnerable populations (women and children younger than 5 years of age) ConclusionConclusion

Thank You For Attention Designer : Mohsen Abbasi