Chapter 2 Population

 Understanding population is crucial:  More people alive now than at any other time  Increased faster rate in last ½ of 20 th century than any other time  All global population growth is in LDCs Key Issue 1: Where is the World’s Population Distributed?

 East Asia  ¼ of world population with 5/6 in China  South Asia  ¼ of world’s population; India has ¾ of them  Southeast Asia  4 th largest; 600 million  Europe  1/9 of world’s population; 3 rd largest  Other includes: Northeastern US and Southeastern Canada Population Concentrations

 VOCAB WORD: ECUMENE: portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement  People don’t cluster in certain environments  Too dry, too cold, too wet, too high  Places that are too harsh have reduced over time  ¾ of population live on 5% of Earth’s surface Sparsely Populated

 Arithmetic Density  Total # of objects in an area  Physiological Density  # of people supported by a unit area of arable land  Ex: US has 453 people per square mile vs Egypt with 5,947 per square mile.  Higher the physiological density, the greater the pressure that is placed on land to produce enough food  Agricultural Density  Ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land  MDCs have LOW agricultural density because of tech and $$ (less people for more land/food) Population Density

 Geographers measure growth in 3 ways  Crude Birth Rate:  CBR: total # of live births a year per 1,000 people  Crude Death Rate:  CDR: total # of deaths in a year per 1,000 people  Natural Increase Rate:  NIR: % by which a population grows in a year  Affects doubling time: # of yrs needed to double population  Convert CDR/CBR to % (# per 100)  Subtract CDR from CBR  Ex: CBR = 20; CDR = 5, NIR = 15 per 1,000 or 1.5% Key Issue 2: Where has the World’s Population Increased?

 Total Fertility Rate: TFR  Measure the # of births in a society  Average # of children a woman will have in childbearing years  Mortality  Infant mortality rate  Annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age compared to live births  Life Expectancy  At birth measures the average # of years a newborn can expect to live at current mortality levels More Measures

 Demographic Transition Model:  Process of change among different countries at varying rates  4 stages, potentially 5  Stage 1: Low Growth  High birth and death rate; no long term NIR  Stage 2: High Growth  Rapid decline death rate; very high birth rate, very high NIR  Stage 3: Moderate Growth  Rapid decline birth rate; decline death rate; moderate NIR  Stage 4: Low Growth  Very low birth and death rate; no long term NIR Key Issue 3: Why is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries?

 Growth caused by agricultural revolution (8000 BC)  Humans began to farm  Not sole reliance on hunting/gathering Stage 1 1: High Stationary Few remote groups High Birth/Death Rate Stable or slow NIR Many children needed for farming; Children die at early age Religious/Social encouragement; No family planning Disease, famine, Poor medical understanding

 10,000 after Ag Rev, population grew modestly  Burst of growth in Late 18 th and early 19 th centuries  1750 many entered Stage 2 due to Industrial Revolution  Major improvements in industrial tech, hygiene  Africa, Asia, Latin America in 20 th century-stage 2, due to medical revolution Stage 2 Stage 2: Early Expanding Egypt, Kenya, India High Birth; rapid falling Death; very rapid rise NIR Many children help farm; children die at early age Religious/social encouragement; no family planning Improvements in medical care, water supply and sanitation Fewer children die

 Country’s CBR begins to drop rapidly, CDR falls but slower than in Stage 2  CBR drop due to social customs changes  Fewer children  Economic changes  Live in cities instead of country  Less working on farms Stage 3 Stage 3: Late expanding Brazil Falling birth, death falls more slow, NIR slows down Improved medical care and diet, Fewer children needed Improvements in medical care, water supply, sanitation Fewer children die

 CBR declines to being equal with CDR; NIR = 0  Called Zero Population Growth (ZPG)  Social changes  Women working outside home  Urban societies, higher medical knowledge Stage 4 Stage 4: Low stationary USA Japan France UK Low birth/death, stable/slow NIR Family planning, good health, improved status of women Late marriages Good health care, reliable food supply

 Many stage 4 could be headed to 5  Indicators: Very low birth, low death, slow decrease in total population  Birth rate lowest ever experienced since Stone Age  Developed countries total population declining  What might it look like?  Women empowerment- career above children  Long life expectancy Possible Stage 5?

 Bar graph showing country’s population displayed by age and gender  Shows percentage of total population in 5 year age groups, starting with 0-4 years old and ending with 80+ or 90+  Pyramid can tell a lot about countries’ character.  Most important factor: Dependency ratio: # of people who are too young/old to work compared to the # of people in their productive years  Sex Ratio: # of males per 100 females in population Population Pyramids

 Thomas Malthus: argued world’s rate of population increase was surpassing development of food supplies ( 1798)  Population increased geometrically; food supply increased arithmetically  Some believe still relevant today:  LDC food production expands, but more poor than before  Outstripping of resources due to world population growth  Critics say  Resources aren’t fixed, they expand  Large population can raise economic growth Key Issue 4: Why might the world face an overpopulation problem?

 On the whole, not running out of food  Some regions may have food shortages  CBR has declined in LDC from 31 to 23 since 1990  2 reasons for lower CBR  Improved economic conditions  Diffusing modern contraceptive methods, providing resources in LDCs Declining Birth Rates

 Distinctive causes of death in stages of DTM  Stages 1 and 2:  Stage 1: Stage of pestilence and famine  Black Plague (stage 1) aka bubonic plague  Stage 2: receding pandemics: Cholera was an epidemic  Stages 3 and 4: degenerative and human created diseases  Decrease in death of infectious disease, increase in chronic associated w/aging  Cancer, heart attacks  4: delayed degenerative diseases  Cancer still exists, medical advances allows longer life Epidemiologic Transition

 Reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases  Higher CDRs  3 reasons for reemergence:  Evolution  Microbes have evolved and changed building resistance to drugs  Poverty  Expensive treatment results in no treatment  Improved Travel  Diseases diffuse as people travel, exposing others to diseases. Possible Stage 5