Transantarctic Mountains Deformation Network (TAMDEF) GPS measurements of bedrock crustal motions Larry Hothem, USGS, Reston, VA Terry Wilson, Department of Geological Sciences, OSU, Columbus, OH Mike Willis, Byrd Polar Research Center, OSU, Columbus, OH SCAR Antarctic Geodesy Symposium (AGS02) LINZ Building, Wellington, NZ November 2002

26 November Ice Sheet History and Mass Balance Glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) vertical motions, James & Ivins, 1998 Sense and pattern of motions differ considerably depending on model parameters Generally assumed vertical viscoelastic adjustments will exceed significantly any tectonic motions TAMDEF-VLNDEF network (as shown in figures) ~1100 km in length, crosses substantial predicted vertical motion.

26 November Tectonic Framework West Antarctic rift system and the Transantarctic Mountains – one of the highest and longest uplifted rift flanks in the world. Crust of West Antarctic divided into blocks that moved as microplates with respect to East Antarctica Substantial low-magnitude seismic activity recorded in past couple years in South Victoria Land and central West Antarctica

26 November Terror Rift and Major Strike-slip Faults Terror Rift is the only area in the Antarctica interior with extensive evidence for neotectonic activity. Salvini and Storti (1999) proposed that the Terror Rift and major dextral strike- slip faults crossing northern Victoria Land were kinematically linked and remain active. Fault scarps and Holocene volcanic vents cutting the sea floor have been detected by bathymetric and seismic profiling. GPS measurements from TAMDEF network between indicate the Terror Rift is actively extending at a rate of 4.2±3.2 mm/yr [2-sigma] relative to the East Antarctic margin of the TAM.

26 November Transantarctic Mountains Deformation (TAMDEF) Network Deployment Strategies TAMDEF-I consists of an array of 25 primary sites: Stations established in 1996 & GPS measurements conducted , with a few additional measurements in 2001 & Initial deployment strategy – attempt to discriminate between the three potential mechanisms of crustal motions thought to be important in the region: isostatic rebound rifting volcanic loading Primary sites augmented with dense local arrays at three sites: JPL/NASA Stations (C. Raymond):

26 November TAMDEF and VLNDEF GPS Networks

26 November Typical Statistics for Uncertainties Examine errors and biases in relation to baseline length, number of occupations, and duration of occupations. Three stations selected: FRK (Franklin Island): critical site to the east of the Terror Rift ALN (Allan Hills): on inland flank of the TAM FTP (Fishtail Point): most southerly site with the TAMDEF network

26 November Cape Roberts: Results relative to MCM4

26 November TAMDEF First Results – Horizontal Motions Horizontal velocities between 1996 and 2002 Fig 6a: Motions referenced to ITRF 1997 frame and relative to MCM4 Fig 6b: Shows residual horizontal motions when the average motion of local East Antarctic craton reference system is removed. Fig. 6a

26 November TAMDEF First Results – Vertical Motion Vertical motions upward over entire region. Uncertainties in vertical are larger than those for horizontal. Upward motion ranges From +0.1 ±3.1 mm/yr To +5.6 ±0.6 mm/yr 13 sites have upward motion significant at 2-sigma level Average vertical motion for entire network: ~3.6 mm/yr Vertical motions approximately same magnitude as those suggested by the D91 continental post-glacial rebound model (James and Ivins 1998)

26 November TAMDEF Station at Arrival Heights (ARR0)

26 November Results for Cape Roberts Footprint Surveys i indicates the result of a single baseline session from a stop- and-go style survey, using 2 GPS survey systems where data were collected for about 10 minutes for each static occupation. All other other surveys performed with 4 GPS survey systems; data collected simultaneously for about 60 minutes at 5- sec rate.

26 November Residuals for Baseline Solution – ARR0 to MCM4 – 12 January 2002

26 November Residuals for Baseline Solution – FLM2 to MCM4 – 12 January 2002

26 November Residuals for Baseline Solution – FTP1 to MCM4 – 12 January 2002

26 November Residuals for Baseline Solution – ROB1 to MCM4 – 12 January 2002

26 November ARR0 to MCM4FLM2 to MCM4 FTP1 to MCM4ROB1 to MCM4 Data Quality – ARGO Stations – JNS EURO-80 Receiver

26 November TAMDEF-II TAMDEF-I – extends northward to VLNDEF network TAMDEF-II Network 13 new sites proposed Three new remote GNSS observatories One at Franklin Is. (FRK) Two at new stations of TAMDEF, along inland flank of the where tectonic motions are expected to be negligible.

26 November November 1996 First season for TAMDEF project Establishing station at Cape Crozier (CRZ0) Ian Whillans, PI, OSU and LINZ personnel

26 November Thank you

26 November