1. The Glacial Isostatic Adjustment of Fennoscandia: from Celcius to BIFROST Glenn Milne, University of Durham February 2004

2. Historical context BIFROST Project Forward model Viscosity inference Neotectonics Sea-level analysis Brief Outline

4. Anders Celsius, 1701-1744

5. Ekman, Terra Nova, 3, 1991

6. http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/slides/slideset/index11.htm

7. The Idea of Postglacial Rebound is Born Jamieson, T.E. (1865), On the History of the Last Geological Changes in Scotland, Q. J. Geol. Soc. London, 21. “It is worthy of remark that in Scandinavia and North America, as well as in Scotland, we have evidence of a depression of the land following close upon the presence of the great ice covering…It has occurred to me that the enormous weight of ice thrown upon the land may have had something to do with this depression…Then the melting of ice would account for the rising of the land, which seems to have followed upon the decrease of the glaciers.”

8. Ekman, Terra Nova, 3, 1991 (Fig. 4)

9. G LACIAL I SOSTATIC A DJUSTMENT Surface Mass Redistribution EarthEarth Response Relative sea level Geopotential Rotation vector 3D solid surface deformation Model Surface load + Rotational potential Rheological Earth model Better understanding of GIA process Constraints on Earth rheology Constraints on surface mass redistribution

10. Baseline Inferences for Fennoscandian Rebound Sea Level and Tectonics Apply GPS to observe the present-day deformation field in Fennoscandia. Employ observations to: (1) Infer GIA model parameters. (2) Estimate secular height shift of geoid. (3) Examine importance of neotectonic processes. Collaborating institutions: Finnish Geodetic Survey, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Onsala Space Observatory, Swedish National Land Survey, University of Durham, University of Toronto.

11. The BIFROST Network

12. Position Time Series: Vilhemina

13. Present-Day Deformation Field

14. GIA MODEL Earth ForcingEarth Rheology Rotational potential Euler equations Surface loading Ice Interdisciplinary approach Ocean Sea-level equation Other? Ice dammed lakes Sediment redistribution Impulse response formalism Linear Maxwell rheology 1D structure Ice history and Earth rheology are the key inputs

22. Mitrovica et al., Nature, 409, 2001.

24. Determine new rates from extended time series. Incorporate dynamic glaciological models of Fennoscandian deglaciation. Employ new Earth models that include lateral Earth structure. Consider the isostatic significance of ice dammed lakes and sediment redistribution. What’s Next?