1. 12/12/01Fall AGU 20011 Vertical Reference Frames for Sea Level Monitoring Thomas Herring Department of Earth, Atmosphere and Planetary Sciences http://www-gpsg.mit.edu/~tah

2. 12/12/01Fall AGU 20012 Overview Examine scale variations in global reference (system scale directly effects heights) Effects of satellite phase center positions Systematic variations in scale and position

3. 12/12/01Fall AGU 20013 Acknowledgements Scripps Orbit and Permanent Array Center (SOPAC) for making available re-processed permanent GPS array data. Available as full-covariance, loosely-constrained solutions Mike Heflin at JPL for reprocessed GIPSY analyses. Time series of results.

4. 12/12/01Fall AGU 20014 Analysis from SOPAC reprocessed GPS data between 1992 and 2001 GPS phase measurements at L1 and L2 from a global distribution of station used Analysis here is “un-constrained” –All site positions estimated –Atmospheric delay parameters estimated –“Real” bias parameters for each satellite global, integer values for regional site combinations (<500 km) –Orbital parameters for all satellites estimated (1-day orbits, 2-revolutions) 6 Integration constants 3 constant radiation parameters 6 once-per-revolution radiation parameters

5. 12/12/01Fall AGU 20015 Global GPS analysis Data used between 1992-2001 Full analysis has ~600 stations (analysis here restricted to ~100 sites that have more than 5 years of data Large density of sites (~300) in California Total data set has > 2 billion phase measurements

6. 12/12/01Fall AGU 20016 Specific sites analyzed Total of 100 sites analyzed of which 50 were used to realize coordinate system based on ITRF2000 Since analysis has little constraint, it is: –Free to rotate –Possibly free to translate (explicit estimation) –Possibly free to change scale (explicit estimation) Latter two effects should not be present but these we will explore here.

7. 12/12/01Fall AGU 20017 Network used in analysis Black: Frame sites; Red other sites

8. 12/12/01Fall AGU 20018 Results from analysis “Common Mode” errors seen in regional frames Scale variations: Comparison with ITRF- 2000 and recent JPL analysis (Mike Heflin) Satellite phase center positions effects

9. 12/12/01Fall AGU 20019 Scale estimates

10. 12/12/01Fall AGU 200110 Estimated height rates as function of latitude

11. 12/12/01Fall AGU 200111 Effects of changes in the satellite phase center position  = dh cos  ; sin  = (R/a) sin  ; (R/a) = 0.24 As the position of the phase center changes, an elevation angle dependent error is introduced. dh is change in radial component

12. 12/12/01Fall AGU 200112 Height changes per unit offset as function of minimum and maximum elevation angles used in data analysis Polar sites will have limited max elevation Typical effect is 0.03 m/m

13. 12/12/01Fall AGU 200113 Summary of effects GAMIT scale rate -0.24 ppb/yr; JPL scale rate -0.10 ppb/yr 51-GPS reference sites in ITRF2000 have average height rate of 0.9 mm/yr (0.14 ppb/yr) Satellite phase center: Block II 1.023 m or 0.953 m? expected scale change 0.35 ppb

14. 12/12/01Fall AGU 200114 Conclusion Both GAMIT and JPL analyses show negative scale rate. Height rates 1.5-0.6 mm/yr. Common annual signals in time series are likely to be real (atmospheric/snow loading effect). ITRF may need non-secular components to site positions to be better define the terrestrial system. Evolution of GPS constellation with time might explain part of the scale change or Average height rates in ITRF2000 may be biased.