ccTLD Management, ICANN, and the Public Interest July 26, 2001

February 1985 –.us (first ccTLD) created at USC March 1994 – RFC 1591 describes ccTLD delegation policies October 1998 – Death of Jon Postel December 1998 – ICANN assumes the IANA function March 1999 – ICANN/IANA publishes ICP-1 May 1999 – ICANN formally recognizes ccTLD constituency February 2000 – GAC publishes ccTLD Principles May 2000 – ICANN requests voluntary contributions from ccTLD managers; collects 48% of invoiced total ccTLD Timeline

ICANN IANA function Root zone file.com.org.net.gov.mil.edu.int.eg.uy.cg.cn.us.ru.nz.ng (ISO-3166).name.biz.info.coop.museum.aero.pro

Root zone file A B C D E F G H I J K L M ICANN IANA The root server system

Item.com/.net/.org/…ccTLDs Registry Contracts YesNo Required Contributions YesNo Policy AuthorityYes (through contract) No Registrar Accreditation Authority YesNo UDRP(Yes)No Redelegation Authority Yes(No) Must provide IANA function Yes ICANNs relationships with.com/.net/.org/… v. ccTLDs

Principles for Delegation: Desires of the government taken very seriously Significantly interested parties in the domain should agree that the proposed TLD manager is the appropriate party. Operational capability Administrative/technical contact; administrative must reside in the country at issue Fair treatment to all groups in the domain, under publicly- posted policies Duty to serve the community as a trustee; concerns about rights and domain ownership inappropriate ICP-1 Internet Domain Name System Structure and Delegation (ccTLD Administration and Delegation)

GAC Principles for ccTLD Delegation/Administration ICANN should redelegate ccTLD management immediately, where terms exist between the TLD manager and government, upon breach of those terms ICANN should redelegate ccTLD management immediately, where manager-government communication does not exist, upon a government showing and request All future ccTLD re/delegations should occur only in cooperation with relevant governments Delegees should not be subject to discriminatory practices by ICANN or by governments

CDT Policy Principles for ccTLD Administration Obligation to the needs of users, current and future Open, transparent decision-making Mechanisms for public outreach, effective representation, and accountability to user interests Support public service objectivese.g., encourage Internet access, accessibility, diversity, usability, education, affordability, etc. Promote human rights, civil liberties, and democratic potential of the Internet Non-discriminative, publicly posted policies

Present Models of ccTLD Management.com competitor --.tv,.ws,.cd -- Operated for global use by an offshore vendor, through contract with national governments Private association --.jp,.uk,.de -- Operated for national use by an association of technical stakeholders Non-profit administrator --.ca,.nz -- Operated for national use by a non-profit association of individual members Direct government operation --.ng,.ar,.kh -- Operated by a government agency/ministry Academic/public service operation --.us,.uy,.be -- Operated by a university, or by university volunteers Private contractor --.gh,.mn,.ae -- Run on a national basis as a for-profit business

CDT and the.us redelegation Registry operator Non-profit policy corp. ICANN US Government.us Root zone file IANA