1 Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 23 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2 X A Z Mass Number Atomic Number Element Symbol Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons = atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons A Z 1p1p 1 1H1H 1 or proton 1n1n 0 neutron 0e0e 00 or electron 0e0e +1 00 or positron 4 He 2 44 2 or  particle Review

3 Balancing Nuclear Equations 1.Conserve mass number (A). The sum of protons plus neutrons in the products must equal the sum of protons plus neutrons in the reactants. 1n1n 0 U Cs Rb n1n = x1 2.Conserve atomic number (Z) or nuclear charge. The sum of nuclear charges in the products must equal the sum of nuclear charges in the reactants. 1n1n 0 U Cs Rb n1n = x0

4 212 Po decays by alpha emission. Write the balanced nuclear equation for the decay of 212 Po. 4 He 2 44 2 or alpha particle Po 4 He + A X 84 2Z 212 = 4 + AA = = 2 + ZZ = Po 4 He Pb

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6 Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay Beta decay 14 C 14 N + 0  K 40 Ca + 0  n 1 p + 0  0 1 Decrease # of neutrons by 1 Increase # of protons by 1 Positron decay 11 C 11 B + 0  K 38 Ar + 0  p 1 n + 0  Increase # of neutrons by 1 Decrease # of protons by 1

7 Electron capture decay Increase number of neutrons by 1 Decrease number of protons by 1 Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay 37 Ar + 0 e 37 Cl Fe + 0 e 55 Mn p + 0 e 1 n 1 0 Alpha decay Decrease number of neutrons by 2 Decrease number of protons by Po 4 He Pb Spontaneous fission 252 Cf In n

8 n/p too large beta decay X n/p too small positron decay or electron capture Y

9 Nuclear Stability Certain numbers of neutrons and protons are extra stable −n or p = 2, 8, 20, 50, 82 and 126 −Like extra stable numbers of electrons in noble gases (e - = 2, 10, 18, 36, 54 and 86) Nuclei with even numbers of both protons and neutrons are more stable than those with odd numbers of neutron and protons All isotopes of the elements with atomic numbers higher than 83 are radioactive All isotopes of Tc and Pm are radioactive

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11 Nuclear binding energy is the energy required to break up a nucleus into its component protons and neutrons. Nuclear binding energy + 19 F 9 1 p n  m = 9 x (p mass) + 10 x (n mass) – 19 F mass  E = (  m)c 2  m= 9 x x –  m = amu  E = 2.37 x J  E = amu x (3.00 x 10 8 m/s) 2 = x amu m 2 /s 2 Using conversion factors: 1 kg = x amu1 J = kg m 2 /s 2

12 = 2.37 x J 19 nucleons = 1.25 x J/nucleon binding energy per nucleon = binding energy number of nucleons  E = (2.37 x J) x (6.022 x /mol)  E = x J/mol  E = x kJ/mol Nuclear binding energy = 1.43 x kJ/mol

13 Nuclear binding energy per nucleon vs mass number nuclear stability nuclear binding energy nucleon

14 Kinetics of Radioactive Decay N daughter rate = N N = the number of atoms at time t N 0 = the number of atoms at time t = 0 is the decay constant NtNt ln N0N0 tt = = t½t½ 0.693

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16 Radiocarbon Dating 14 N + 1 n 14 C + 1 H C 14 N + 0  t ½ = 5730 years Uranium-238 Dating 238 U 206 Pb   t ½ = 4.51 x 10 9 years

17 Nuclear Transmutation 14 N + 4  17 O + 1 p Al + 4  30 P + 1 n N + 1 p 11 C + 4 

18 Nuclear Transmutation

19 Nuclear Fission 235 U + 1 n 90 Sr Xe n + Energy Energy = [mass 235 U + mass n – (mass 90 Sr + mass 143 Xe + 3 x mass n )] x c 2 Energy = 3.3 x J per 235 U = 2.0 x J per mole 235 U Combustion of 1 ton of coal = 5 x 10 7 J

20 Nuclear Fission 235 U + 1 n 90 Sr Xe n + Energy Representative fission reaction

21 Nuclear Fission Nuclear chain reaction is a self-sustaining sequence of nuclear fission reactions. The minimum mass of fissionable material required to generate a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction is the critical mass.

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23 Schematic of an Atomic Bomb

24 Schematic Diagram of a Nuclear Reactor U3O8U3O8 refueling

25 Chemistry In Action: Nature’s Own Fission Reactor Natural Uranium % U % U-238 Measured at Oklo % U-235

26 Nuclear Fusion 2 H + 2 H 3 H + 1 H Fusion ReactionEnergy Released 2 H + 3 H 4 He + 1 n Li + 2 H 2 4 He x J 2.8 x J 3.6 x J Tokamak magnetic plasma confinement solar fusion

27 Thyroid images with 125 I-labeled compound normalenlarged

28 Radioisotopes in Medicine 98 Mo + 1 n 99 Mo U + 1 n 99 Mo + other fission products m Tc 99 Tc +  -ray Mo 99m Tc + 0  Research production of 99 Mo Commercial production of 99 Mo t ½ = 66 hours t ½ = 6 hours Bone Scan with 99m Tc

29 Geiger-Müller Counter

30 Biological Effects of Radiation Radiation absorbed dose (rad) 1 rad = 1 x J/g of material Roentgen equivalent for man (rem) 1 rem = 1 rad x QQuality Factor  -ray = 1  = 1  = 20

31 Chemistry In Action: Food Irradiation