Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 23.

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Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 23

positron decay or electron capture n/p too large beta decay X n/p too small positron decay or electron capture Y

Nuclear Stability Certain numbers of neutrons and protons are extra stable n or p = 2, 8, 20, 50, 82 and 126 Like extra stable numbers of electrons in noble gases (e- = 2, 10, 18, 36, 54 and 86) Nuclei with even numbers of both protons and neutrons are more stable than those with odd numbers of neutron and protons All isotopes of the elements with atomic numbers higher than 83 are radioactive All isotopes of Tc and Pm are radioactive

X Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus (element symbols) = charge (particles) Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons = atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons Mass Number X A Z Element Symbol Atomic Number 1p 1 1H or proton 1n neutron 0e -1 0b or electron 0e +1 0b or positron 4He 2 4a or a particle A 1 1 4 Z 1 -1 +1 2 Other relevant particles of interest: Gamma photon neutrino Anti-neutrino

Balancing Nuclear Equations Conserve mass number (A). The sum of protons plus neutrons in the products must equal the sum of protons plus neutrons in the reactants. 1n U 235 92 + Cs 138 55 Rb 96 37 + 2 235 + 1 = 138 + 96 + 2x1 Conserve atomic number (Z) or nuclear charge. The sum of nuclear charges in the products must equal the sum of nuclear charges in the reactants. 1n U 235 92 + Cs 138 55 Rb 96 37 + 2 92 + 0 = 55 + 37 + 2x0

212Po decays by alpha emission 212Po decays by alpha emission. Write the balanced nuclear equation for the decay of 212Po. 4He 2 4a or alpha particle - ? 212Po 4He + AX 84 2 Z 212 = 4 + A A = 208 84 = 2 + Z Z = 82 212Po 4He + 208Pb 84 2 82

Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay Beta decay 14C 14N + 0b + n 6 7 -1 Decrease # of neutrons by 1 40K 40Ca + 0b + n 19 20 -1 Increase # of protons by 1 1n 1p + 0b + n 1 -1 Positron decay 11C 11B + 0b + n 6 5 +1 Increase # of neutrons by 1 38K 38Ar + 0b + n 19 18 +1 Decrease # of protons by 1 1p 1n + 0b + n 1 +1 n and n have A = 0 and Z = 0

Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay Electron capture decay 37Ar + 0e 37Cl + n 18 17 -1 Increase # of neutrons by 1 55Fe + 0e 55Mn + n 26 25 -1 Decrease # of protons by 1 1p + 0e 1n + n 1 -1 Alpha decay Decrease # of neutrons by 2 212Po 4He + 208Pb 84 2 82 Decrease # of protons by 2 Spontaneous fission 252Cf 2125In + 21n 98 49

BE = 9 x (p mass) + 10 x (n mass) – 19F mass Nuclear binding energy (BE) is the energy required to break up a nucleus into its component protons and neutrons. BE + 19F 91p + 101n 9 1 E = mc2 BE = 9 x (p mass) + 10 x (n mass) – 19F mass BE (amu) = 9 x 1.007825 + 10 x 1.008665 – 18.9984 BE = 0.1587 amu 1 amu = 1.49 x 10-10 J BE = 2.37 x 10-11J binding energy per nucleon = binding energy number of nucleons = 2.37 x 10-11 J 19 nucleons = 1.25 x 10-12 J

Nuclear binding energy per nucleon vs Mass number nuclear stability

Kinetics of Radioactive Decay N daughter rate = - DN Dt rate = lN DN Dt = lN - N = the number of atoms at time t N0 = the number of atoms at time t = 0 l is the decay constant First Order Equations:

Kinetics of Radioactive Decay [N] = [N]0exp(-lt) ln[N] = ln[N]0 - lt [N] ln [N]

Radiocarbon Dating 14N + 1n 14C + 1H 14C 14N + 0b + n t½ = 5730 years 6 14C 14N + 0b + n 6 7 -1 t½ = 5730 years Uranium-238 Dating 238U 206Pb + 8 4a + 6 0b 92 -1 82 2 t½ = 4.51 x 109 years

Nuclear Transmutation 14N + 4a 17O + 1p 7 2 8 1 Cyclotron Particle Accelerator 27Al + 4a 30P + 1n 13 2 15 14N + 1p 11C + 4a 7 1 6 2

Nuclear Transmutation 1940 1944 1949 1950 1952 1955 1956 1961 1966 1970 1984 1981 1982 1994 2002 110 111 112 Darmstadtium Ds Roentgenium Rg Copernicium Cn

Nuclear Fission 235U + 1n 90Sr + 143Xe + 31n + Energy 92 54 38 Energy = [mass 235U + mass n – (mass 90Sr + mass 143Xe + 3 x mass n )] x c2 Energy = 3.3 x 10-11J per 235U = 2.0 x 1013 J per mole 235U Combustion of 1 ton of coal = 5 x 107 J

Representative fission reaction Nuclear Fission Representative fission reaction 235U + 1n 90Sr + 143Xe + 31n + Energy 92 54 38

Nuclear Fission Nuclear chain reaction is a self-sustaining sequence of nuclear fission reactions. The minimum mass of fissionable material required to generate a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction is the critical mass. Non-critical Critical

Schematic Diagram of a Nuclear Reactor

Annual Waste Production Nuclear Fission 35,000 tons SO2 4.5 x 106 tons CO2 1,000 MW coal-fired power plant 3.5 x 106 ft3 ash Annual Waste Production 1,000 MW nuclear power plant 70 ft3 vitrified waste

Hazards of the radioactivities in spent fuel compared to uranium ore Nuclear Fission Hazards of the radioactivities in spent fuel compared to uranium ore From “Science, Society and America’s Nuclear Waste,” DOE/RW-0361 TG

Chemistry In Action: Nature’s Own Fission Reactor Natural Uranium 0.7202 % U-235 99.2798% U-238 Measured at Oklo 0.7171 % U-235

Tokamak magnetic plasma confinement Nuclear Fusion Fusion Reaction Energy Released 2H + 2H 3H + 1H 1 6.3 x 10-13 J 2H + 3H 4He + 1n 1 2 2.8 x 10-12 J 3.6 x 10-12 J 6Li + 2H 2 4He 3 1 2 Tokamak magnetic plasma confinement

Radioisotopes in Medicine 1 out of every 3 hospital patients will undergo a nuclear medicine procedure 24Na, t½ = 14.8 hr, b emitter, blood-flow tracer 131I, t½ = 14.8 hr, b emitter, thyroid gland activity 123I, t½ = 13.3 hr, g-ray emitter, brain imaging 18F, t½ = 1.8 hr, b+ emitter, positron emission tomography 99mTc, t½ = 6 hr, g-ray emitter, imaging agent Brain images with 123I-labeled compound

Radioisotopes in Medicine Research production of 99Mo 98Mo + 1n 99Mo 42 Commercial production of 99Mo 235U + 1n 99Mo + other fission products 92 42 Bone Scan with 99mTc 99Mo 99mTc + 0b + n 42 43 -1 t½ = 66 hours 99mTc 99Tc + g-ray 43 t½ = 6 hours

Geiger-Müller Counter

Biological Effects of Radiation Radiation absorbed dose (rad) 1 rad = 1 x 10-5 J/g of material Roentgen equivalent for man (rem) 1 rem = 1 rad x Q Quality Factor g-ray = 1 b = 1 a = 20

Chemistry In Action: Food Irradiation Dosage Effect Up to 100 kilorad Inhibits sprouting of potatoes, onions, garlics. Inactivates trichinae in pork. Kills or prevents insects from reproducing in grains, fruits, and vegetables. 100 – 1000 kilorads Delays spoilage of meat poultry and fish. Reduces salmonella. Extends shelf life of some fruit. 1000 to 10,000 kilorads Sterilizes meat, poultry and fish. Kills insects and microorganisms in spices and seasoning.