Using Mental Maps to study Neighborhood Movement in the Inner-City: Formal vs. Informal Definitions Ned English Presented at Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting

2 Introduction Making Connections longitudinal, in-person study  Targets ten specific Inner City Neighborhoods  Questions concerning neighborhood life  Programs to improve neighborhood life for children  Two waves thus far (2002-’04; 2005-’07) Found considerable movement between waves  ~ 50% households left wave 1 housing unit  What are implications for survey, programs?

3 Introduction contd. Would like to know: 1.Who moved 2.Where moved Survey, “Out-movement” examined re official or “formal” boundaries  e.g, “Is this a good neighborhood for raising children”  Formal definition may not be appropriate unit of interpretation Respondents idea of “neighborhood” may differ Different area could have differential effect on perceptions, interpretation How can we quantify respondents understanding of “neighborhood”? Can we extract the neighborhood map in their mind? A “mental map”?

4 Summary 1. What are “mental maps”; how can capture in survey context? 2. How can mental maps inform study of neighborhood movement?  How does movement re mental map relate to formal neighborhood?  Who moves within mental map? Who leaves?  What if interpreted mental map as neighborhood instead of formal neighborhood?  Argue shouldn’t assume common understanding of “neighborhood” definition in urban survey research  Could have unpredictable effects on data interpretation  Integrate survey methods, GIS, urban research

5 Methodology Making Connections targeted in-person completed interviews at wave 1  Wave 1 location recorded and geocoded  Respondents given basic paper map template  Asked to sketch “neighborhood” boundary Paper maps digitized for all respondents (6226 maps)  We define “mental map” as digitized version of sketched neighborhood In wave 2, study followed movers with children (approx 25% of wave 1)  Wave 2 location recorded and geocoded Processed wave 2 location re:  Wave 1 location  Formal neighborhood boundaries  Mental map e.g., “informal” neighborhood boundaries

6 Denver, CO example

7 Example Mental Maps

8 Example Mental Maps contd.

9 Exceptions

10 Coincident Mental Maps

11 Example of Mental Map Integration

12 Example of Mental Map Integration

13 Example of Mental Map Integration

14 Background: Destinations Site% Neigh% City% County% Beyond Denver18%42%na40% Indianapolis25%58%4%14% Des Moines30%47%6%18% San Antonio48%37%4 %12% 30%46%3%21%

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17 Neighborhood Movement: Formal vs. Informal CategoryFormal Neighborhood Informal “Mental Map” Movers Wave 1 in Neighborhood100% (517)78% (338) Wave 2 in Neighborhood30% (156)13% (56) Potential discrepancy between respondent’s understanding of leaving and researcher

18 Neighborhood Definition and Movement Agreement “Neighborhood” LeftSharePotential Issue Mental Map and Formal Neighborhood 67% (286)None Formal Neighborhood only.5% (2)“Extra” Movers Mental Map only19% (82)“Undetected” Movers Neither13% (54)None 424 Total Left Formal68% (288) Total Left Mental Map87% (368)

19 “Undetected” Movers vs. Agreed Neighborhood Stayers MeasureUndetected Movers n = 82 Agreed Stayers n = 54 % White non-Hispanic22%11% % Low Income34%36% % Single Parent Wave 133%37% % Less High School43% Difference could influence survey data, interpretation

20 Movers Never in Mental Map … MeasureNever in Mental Map n = 86 All Others n = 338 % White non-Hispanic22 %23% % Site Indianapolis34%21% % Low Income37%31% % Less High School44%34% % College Diploma1%8%

21 Discussion Mental maps permit nuanced approach to analysis of urban movers  Can quantify respondent’s perception of leaving, staying  Thus not dependent solely on formal boundaries as unit  “Finer grained” method of comparison Potentially problematic to group all movers who remained in formal neighborhood  Those who left “mental map” but not formal neighborhood differ from others  “Undetected movers” Discrepancies will influence data collected describing “neighborhood”  “How long have you lived in the neighborhood”  Neighborhood services  Neighborhood improvement, decline

22 Discussion contd. Map understanding non-trivial issue  Questionable group who were not in mental map at wave 1  Hypothesis One: “Churners” who move annually  Hypothesis Two: Did not understand map Low educational attainment could describe both Limited by cell sizes thus far:  Left formal neighborhood but not mental map (2)  Moved “into” mental map from outside (5)

23 Conclusions Demonstrated issues with assuming common understanding of “neighborhood” definition  Possible to collect mental maps instead  Explicitly define “custom” areas of concern for survey questions Moving forward to wave 3, intend to focus on:  Specific training to improve item response  Consistent map design  Experiment on effect of composition, scale

24 Thanks… Ned English