Chapter 4 Section 3 Mr. Love US HIS

The Opposing Sides  General Howe was the commander of the well trained British Army.  The Continental Army was inexperienced, poorly equiped, and had difficulty keeping soldiers.  The Continental Congress lacked the power to tax, so it had a difficult time paying for the war.  A wealthy Pennsylvania merchant, Robert Morris, pledged big bucks to the war effort.

The Opposing Sides  The British forces had to fight the Continental Army and local militias.  These militias often used guerilla warfare, in which they hid among trees and behind walls and then ambushed the British troops.  The British needed to win the war quickly or opinion in Parliament might shift to oppose the war. The United States did not have to defeat the Britain but only survive until the British became tired of paying for the war.

The Northern Campaign  In order to win, the British needed to convince the colonists it was safe to surrender. Two part strategy:  Massive military to intimidate  Invite members of the CC to peace talks. (he only asked for surrender in these talks)

The Northern Campagin  GW’s troops – inexperienced  GW’s troops ran from New York when the British landed. Allowed AM. Troops to escape. NY is British base for rest of war.  British force GW and troops to retreat at the Battle of White Plains in 10/1776.  GW (that sneaky fella) planned two unexpected winter attacks and won. He then hid in the hills of northern NJ for the winter.

The Northern Campagin  The British plan developed by General Burgoyne was to isolate New England from other Am. States. Initially unsuccessful.  In 9/11/77 British Gen. Howe defeats GW at Brandywine Creek and captures Philly. The CC escapes. The Con Army continues to camp at Valley Forge for the winter.

The Northern Campagin  The troops need training. Marquis de Lafayette (France) and Baron Friedrich Von Steuban (Prussia), helped to train troops.  Turning point of war – Battle of Saratoga. AM. Soldiers defeat the British and take 5000 prisoners. France comes on the side of the Americans. Why did they wait so long? Why is it important?

The War in the West  The British in the West surrendered to George Rogers Clark, giving the US control of region.  British gain alliance with Iroquois.  Am. Forces defeat the British and Iroquois in W. New York. (destroys Iroquois.

The War at Sea  Am. Warships attacked the British merchant ships to disrupt trade. Letters of Marque, or licenses for private ship owners to attack British ships were used. Hurt Britain’s trade and economy.  British people are growing tired of this war.  American naval officer, John Paul Jones, was involved in the most famous naval batte of war. Jones’s ship was sinking so he attached it to the British ship and boarded. US wins after a three hour battle.

The Southern Campaign  After Saratoga, the British focuses on the South where they felt they had the most loyalty.  In 12/78, British troops capture Georgia.  British then take Charleston, SC. Huge defeat. Gen Cornwallis takes over for British.  Loyalists troops used brutal tactics in the App mountain area. Am militias fought and won at the Battle of Kings Mountain.  Guerrilla forces began to stage attacks in the south led by Francis “Swamp Fox” Marion.

The War is Won  IN the spring of 1781, the British invaded Virginia, hoping to keep control of the South. British Gen Cornwallis and Benedict Arnold attacks Virginia. Am. Force them to retreat.  On 9/28/81, Am and French forces surrounded Yorktown. Less than a month later, British troops surrendered.  IN March of 1782, Parliament voted to begin peace negotiations. The Treaty of Paris was signed on 9/3/1783. The British recognizes the United States with the Miss as the western broder.