AP Psychology THE PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE: NEOFREUDIANS

 A more modern view of personality that retains some aspects of Freudian theory but rejects other aspects  Retains the importance of the unconscious mind  Less emphasis on unresolved childhood conflicts PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE

 Followers of Freud’s theories but developed theories of their own in areas where they disagreed with Freud  Disagreed with Freud in his belief that: 1.Behavior is motivated by sexual urges 2.Personality is formed by early childhood experiences 3.Human nature and society are inherently driven by sex and destruction. NEO-FREUDIANS

 Carl Jung’s collective unconscious  Karen Horney’s focus on security  Alfred Adler’s individual psychology POST-FREUDIAN PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES THE NEO-FREUDIANS

 Rejected Freud’s assertion that human behavior is directed by sex & aggression.  Believed in general psychic energy that pushes us to grow psychologically.  First to describe introverts and extroverts CARL JUNG (YOONG)( )

Introverts  Introverts are shy people who like to be by themselves and prefer quiet events.  Can make friends, just don’t NEED them Extroverts  Extroverts are people who are outgoing, like social events, and enjoy talking to other people. CARL JUNG (YOONG)( ) Video

 Jung believed that within the collective unconscious are archetypes, symbols that represent various ideas and thoughts.  For example, snakes represent evil, or a mother represents nurturing. CARL JUNG (YOONG)( )  Jung argued that children are inherently afraid of snakes, because this knowledge is contained in the collective unconscious passed from generation to generation, promoting survival and protection.

 Archetypes – Mental images of human instincts, themes and preoccupations that are shared by all cultures.  Often expressed in a culture’s mythology & folk tales.  Anima  sense of “femaleness” in males  Animus  sense of “maleness” in females  Other archetypes:  “The Shadow”- dark side inside us all  the hero  the wise old man  the nurturing mother. ARCHETYPES

 Believed cultural/social variables (especially parent-child relationships) are the foundation of personality development not sex like Freud. KAREN HORNEY (HORN-EYE)( )

 Found psychoanalysis negatively biased against women.  Women didn’t have “penis envy” it was instead that they envied men’s superior status in society.  Instead said men have “womb envy” and compensate by making creative achievements in their work. KAREN HORNEY (HORN-EYE)( )

 Looked at anxiety related to security and social relationships, especially parent-child relationships.  Basic anxiety— “the feeling of being isolated and helpless in a hostile world” KAREN HORNEY (HORN-EYE)( )

 Felt that healthy personalities are flexible in balancing these needs and anxieties  but unhealthy people are stuck in one of three ways of dealing with anxiety. KAREN HORNEY (HORN-EYE)( )

 Deal with this anxiety by.  Moving Toward Other People – having an excessive need for approval & affection KAREN HORNEY (HORN-EYE)( )  People who are classified as this relationship become bothered, or act differently when they are not given enough attention or support from friends and family.

 Deal with this anxiety by.  Moving Against Other People – having an excessive need for power over other people KAREN HORNEY (HORN-EYE)( )  People who are classified with this relationship become irritated and act differently when they are not in control or allowed to make decisions in group settings.

 Deal with this anxiety by.  Moving Away from Other People – having an excessive need for independence making them aloof and detached from others.  People in this relationship become upset when they are not given enough “alone time”, or are constantly being asked questions by others. KAREN HORNEY (HORN-EYE)( )

 Agreed with Freud on the importance of early childhood but thought social tensions were more important than sexual tensions  Believed psychological problems were the result of feelings of inferiority  Inferiority Complex - A condition that comes from being unable to compensate for normal inferiority feelings ALFRED ADLER ( )

 Inferiority Complex - A condition that comes from being unable to compensate for normal inferiority feelings ALFRED ADLER ( )

 Children often argue with parents about being able to do something by themselves.  Adler believed children wanted to show their parents that they are capable of doing things on their own and are not dependent on them and hence inferior.  Adler also believed that people brag to cover up to make other people forget or not notice their inferiorities. ALFRED ADLER ( )

Neo- Freudians EVALUATING & UPDATING FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

 Evidence is inadequate— Freud’s data is developed from a small number of upper class patients or from self- analysis. (skewed sample)  All of Freud’s data was from him so was he imposing his own ideas onto his patients or seeing only what he expected to see?  Theory is not testable—lack of operational definitions and no way to measure results. Good at explaining the past but not at prediction.  Many psychoanalytic concepts impossible to disprove because even contradictory information can be used to support Freud’s theory.  Sexism—believed that women were weak and inferior. Used male psychology as basis for all people  Said women were more vain, masochistic, and jealous than men and influenced more by their emotions and had a lesser moral and ethical sense than men. EVALUATION OF PSYCHOANALYSIS

 Most psychodynamic psychologists agree:  Sex is not the basis of personality.  People do not “fixate” at various stages of development.  Much of a person’s mental life is unconscious.  Childhood experiences shape us socially and psychologically.  People struggle with inner conflicts and regulating their impulses, emotions and thoughts toward what society deems acceptable. UPDATING FREUD’S THEORIES